Na pitanje mijenja li se psihopatologija kod djece i mladih veliki broj stručnjaka za mentalno zdravlje, roditelja i nastavnika odgovorio bi pozitivno, ali uz različita objašnjenja. Najčešći razlozi, prema brojnim ispitivanjima su: promjena obiteljskih odnosa, sve veći utjecaj okruženja i medija, povećani pritisak i očekivanja od mladih uz izostanak odgovarajuće podrške, kvalitetnija dijagnostika koja omogućuje profesionalcima bolji uvid u etiologiju problema i dr.Ispitivanja usmjerena na prevalenciju pojedinih oblika ponašanja ukazuju na porast kako anksioznih tako i depresivnih poremećaja, ali u odnosu na temeljnu edukaciju procjenitelja naglasak se daje na različite etiološke faktore. Brojna ispitivanja usmjerena prema etiologiji psihotičnih poremećaja ukazuju na različitosti vezane u odnosu na procjenitelje. Analiza postojećih klasifikacija ukazuje na promjene u pristupu. Veliki broj istraživača smatra da DSM ranije nije bio usmjeren na etiologiju, dok se prema prijedlogu DSM 5 mijenjaju kriteriji dijagnosticiranja što se reflektira i na procjene pojedinih dijagnostičkih skupina i terapijskih pristupa. Posebice se naglasak daje na deficit u kognitivnom kapacitetu koji počinje u razvojnom razdoblju, a smatra se da ima bitni utjecaj na razvoj mentalnih poremećaja. Promjena kliničke slike temeljem brojnih istraživanja ukazuju na nove spoznaje etiologije, posebice vezane uz funkcioniranje SŽS-a i povezanosti bioloških i psiholoških čimbenika, ali i promijenjenom dinamikom u obiteljskim odnosima te načinima školovanja što sve zahtijeva multidisciplinski pristup u dijagnostičkim procesima kao i daljnja istraživanja te povezanost kliničara i istraživača.
Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder highly prevalent in children. The neurobiology of ADHD is still not clear, but is assumed to be related to disturbances in catecholaminergic and serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) systems. Peripheral indices of central 5-HT function were shown in recent studies to be lower, unaltered, or increased in ADHD. Methods: The study determined platelet 5-HT concentration in 84 medication-free 9-year-old (range 4–14 years) boys and girls with DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD, subdivided according to the different symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) and clinical ADHD subtypes (predominantly hyperactive, predominantly inattentive, and combined subtype), and in 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Results: Children with ADHD had similar platelet 5-HT concentrations to control children. Platelet 5-HT concentration did not differ between boys and girls, or between children with a hyperactive, inattentive, or combined subtype of ADHD. In children with ADHD there was a significant positive correlation between platelet 5-HT concentration and impulsive symptoms, but not with symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity.Platelet 5-HT concentration wassignificantly higher in impulsive compared to non-impulsive children with ADHD. Conclusion: The data provide preliminary evidence that increased platelet 5-HT concentration might be a trait marker predictive of impulsivity in ADHD.
Disocijativni poremećaji mogu se definirati kao raskol u obično cjelovitim funkcijama svijesti, pamćenju, identitetu i opažanju, dakle disocijativni poremećaj karakterizira prekid normalne integracije svijesti. Kada se govori o djeci i adolescentima, najčešći su konverzivni poremećaji kao i poremećaji identiteta koji uključuju značajan diskontinuitet doživljaja selfa uz promjene afekta i ponašanja što se najčešće opaža kao poremećaj pamćenja, koncentracije i privrženosti, što dovodi do značajnog oštećenja u socijalnom, radnom i drugim važnim područjima funkcioniranja. Uzroci se nalaze u traumatskim događajima zlostavljanja, ali i brojnim drugim traumatskim iskustvima, kao što su hospitalizacije, preseljenja, gubitak važnih osoba i sl. Neurobiološka istraživanja traumatizirane djece pokazuju abnormalnosti (funkcijske i strukturne) u razvoju limbičkog sustava, kao i kortikalne promjene. Van der Kolk u svojim istraživanjima navodi da povećana razina emocionalne pobuđenosti dovodi do promjena u hipokampusu koji je odgovoran za neadekvatno evaluiranje senzornih informacija. Važno je naglasiti da djeca normalno pokazuje fantaziju i maštanje u ponašanju što je teškoća u dijagnostičkom procesu u odnosu na patološku disocijaciju. Poseban su problem diferencijalna dijagnoza, kao i komorbidne bolesti. / Dissociative disorders can be defined as disruptions in the usually complete functions of consciousness, memory, identity and perception, therefore characterized by the disruption of normal consciousness integration. When talking about children and adolescents, the most common are conversion disorders as well as identity disorders, which include a significant discontinuity of self-experience with changes in affect and behaviour, most commonly observed as memory disorder, concentration and attachment disorder, leading to significant impairment in social, work and other important areas of functioning. Causes are found in traumatic events of abuse, but also in many other traumatic experiences, such as hospitalization, relocation, loss of important persons, etc. Neurobiological studies of traumatized children show abnormalities (functional and structural) in the development of the lymphatic system as well as cortical changes. In his research, Van der Kolk states that an increased level of emotional upheaval leads to changes in the hippocampus responsible for inadequate evaluation of sensory information. It is important to emphasize that children normally exhibit fantasy and imagination in behaviour, which presents difficulties in the diagnostic process in relation to pathological dissociation. A special problem is differential diagnosis, as well as comorbid diseases.
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