The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of replacing part of wheat flour (4, 8, 16, 24 and 32% for cookies and 4, 6, 8 and 10% for sponge cake) and to measure influence on the color of the cookies and the sponge cake with apple skin powder and grape pomace powder, respectively. The cookies were produced according to the AACC 10-50D method with some modifications, and the sponge cake was produced according to the method presented by Velioğlu et al., 2017 with some modifications. Digital image analysis and colorimeter were used to determine the colour change of the samples. Results show that by increasing food by-products (apple skin powder and grape pomace powder), the colour difference between the control sample and other samples was bigger. The colour of the sample measured by digital image analysis covers the entire sample and is more representative and more objective regarding colour measurement.

Abstract. The purpose of this research was to determine the residue analysis of difenoconazole in apple fruits from Resen region, Republic of Macedonia. Analyzed were two varieties of apples, Golden Delicious and Idared. Samples were taken from two different locations in Resen in the year 2016. Difenoconazole analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after a previous extraction of residue by applying the QuEChERS method. The obtained concentrations of residues of difenoconazole are compared with the maximum residue limit regulated by the Macedonian legislation. Analyses showed that the concentration of difenoconazole in both varieties of apples from two different locations is in the range of 0.01 to 0.41 mg/kg. In certain development phase of the apple fruits the concentration reaches 80 times lower concentration than the maximum limit. The data show that apple fruits can be safely consumed according to the recommended maximum residue limit (MRL) for difenoconazole in apples (0.8 mg/kg). Statistical processing of the data suggests that there is no significant difference between samples but presence of difenoconazole in apple fruits from both locations is with significant difference.Keywords: Golden delicious, Idared, pesticides, difenoconazole, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. , No , 201 10 1 63 66 8 DOI: 10.15547/ast.2018.01.015 IntroductionFruits are one of the supplementary sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other biologically active components (Lozowicka et al., 2013). Apple fruits are the most important deciduous fruit consumed during a year in fresh form and various types of many products (Jankuloska et al., 2017). Domestic consumption of apple fruits is 12 kg per citizen per year (State statistical office, 2015). Depending on weather conditions in the year, apple fruits are treated at least 10 to 15 times with pesticides. Pesticides are chemical substances which are commonly used in modern agriculture practices to protect the crops from different pests and diseases (Guler et al., 2010; Lozowicka et al., 2013). For treating the crops permitted active substances are used (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia, 2013). Unfortunately, not all farmers follow legal practices with pesticides during production (Lozowicka et al., 2013).Extensive use of pesticides in modern agriculture to combat plant pests has begun to receive more attention because pesticide residues in food commodities may be hazardous to human health (Mansour, 2004). As a result of treatment with pesticides, apple fruits can be a potential source of toxic substances such as pesticides.Residues of pesticides have to be monitored and controlled. Maximum residues limits of certain substances (pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals and other contaminants) in the Republic of Macedonia are presented in the Regulation on general requirements for food safety (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia, 2013). A maxi...

The apples of Red Delicious are round fruits that have red colour when ripe according to which they are named. They can be eaten fresh, but also can be processed into a variety of processed products including apple juice. In order to grow or obtain better yield of a good quality apples, pesticides are usually used to protect apple trees, but they can adversely affect human health, therefore, some precautions should be taken when these chemicals are used as food contact materials. This study summarizes the presence of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in apples that are prepared by different methods including mechanical treatments, fresh, washed, peeled as well as heat treatment of apples when prepared into an apple juice. For this purpose, the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method was used for residue extraction in apple samples after different methods of preparation, and their analyses were performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The concentration of the pesticide chlorpyrifos in different samples of apples was in the range of less than 0.0005 mg.kg−1 to 0.00348 mg.kg−1. This study provides a conclusion that all samples of apples are safe for consumption while the peeling method and heat treatment are the most efficient in reduction of chlorpyrifos content in the final products.

Cold pressed and refined oils vary in sensory properties, chemical composition and nutritional properties. Cold pressed oil is unrefined sunflower oil which has greater nutritional properties, but oxidizes much faster and at lower temperatures than refined oil. There were analyzed two sunflower oils: cold pressed sunflower oil "Fila" and refined sunflower oil "Kristal". Oils were analyzed in accordance to the Oils Rules and fats and oils quality. Iodine, peroxide and acid number in the two oil types were determined. Iodine and peroxide number were determined by ISO 3961: 1996 while the acid number was determined by ISO 660: 39, 2009. Iodine number of refined oil is 127 and it is higher than the iodine number of cold pressed oil which is 86. Peroxide and acid number are indicators for the oil oxidation and they are almost five times higher in cold strained oil than in refined oil. Oils were analyzed in accordance to the Oils Rules and fats and oils quality.

People’s way of life is being formed under influence of the geographical, ecological, political, culturaland religious environment and it is about the characteristics of the population in certain region, place and time. Thehealth of one’s person, the physical, social and mental well - being are under influenced by the lifestyle. The way ofliving, working and functioning can be a reason for development of a certain conditions called illness of thelifestyle. They include: obesity, heart diseases, diabetes, cancer etc. These illnesses usually develop slowly and iftimely intervention is made, through changing the habits that decrease the exposure of potential risk factors, canprevent or delay the beginning of the disease. Main risk factors for development of insulin resistance and diabetesare nutrition and lifestyle habits. On the other hand, they are also main tools that can help in prevention andimprovement of the condition.This research assesses the influence of certain risk factors and quality of the lifestyle in people with insulinresistance that have increased body mass. It is chosen a group of 175 people, from which 103 are women and 73men, aged above 25 years, and have increased body mass index (BMI) (BMI>25 kg/m2) and have hyperinsulinemia.A statistically significant difference was determined (p˂0,028), between BMI and HOMA-IR. Most of them have asedentary lifestyle. From the group that is in employment (69 people), the work isn’t related to physical activity.Most often, they practice walking as an additional physical activity, once or twice a week, in duration of 30 to 45minutes. Biggest part of the people in the selected group (118 people), have regular sleep-in duration of one day.Professional support with instructions for a hygienic-diet regimen that would reduce body mass, education fornutrition and changing of lifestyle habits are needed, to achieve timely prevention and decrease of the insulinresistance, and with that to stop or to delay its progression towards diabetes.