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The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of verbal praise and verbal praise plus music or vibratory reinforcement on the level of independent performance on abdominal strength and endurance, lower back and hip flexibility, and upper body strength/endurance exercises of 12 profoundly mentally retarded, ambulatory youth, ages 10 to 18 years. A single-subject AB design with a control group was used to assess the difference in performance of physical fitness under the baseline condition of no reinforcement and under the two experimental conditions of verbal praise and verbal praise plus music or vibratory reinforcement. In contrast to previous results reported in the literature, verbal praise and verbal praise plus music or vibratory reinforcement were not effective in increasing the level of independence in performing selected physical fitness tasks.

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Whey protein coupled with a glucose challenge increases insulin secretion and may decrease glucose responses in people with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. These responses may be attributed to whey protein's effect on the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various doses of whey protein on postprandial glycemic control and incretin responses. Participants with insulin resistance (n=9, mean ± SD; age: 64.3 + 8.1 yrs; BMI: 29.4 + 6.0 kg/m 2 ; fasting plasma glucose: 6.9 + 1.2 mmol/l; HbA1c: 6.4 + 0.6%) completed three randomized treatments. Treatment 1 included 250 ml water + 20 g whey protein (T 1 ), and treatment 2 included 250 ml water + 30 g whey protein (T 2 ). The control treatment included 250 ml water (CON). Each treatment was followed by a 50 g oral glucose tolerance test. Incremental area under the curve ( i AUC) for insulin increased from CON to T 1 (P<0.01, 45.5%), CON to T 2 (P<0.01, 61.0%), and T 1 to T 2 (P<0.01, 28.5%), with a significant decrease in postprandial AUC for glucose with T 2 (P=0.04, -41.2%). Neither GIP nor GLP-1 i AUC increased with T 1 or T 2 compared to CON. However, postprandial glucose i AUC was significantly reduced for T 2 compared to CON (P=0.04, -41.2%). There was a dose effect of whey protein on plasma insulin with a significant decrease in postprandial glucose i AUC following T 2 . Thirty grams of a whey protein preload may be adequate to provide postprandial glycemic improvements in the disease management of type 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes