The sun is the source of energy for living things on Earth. It emits electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths including infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is divided into three regions: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA region (320-400 nm) penetrates deep into the skin through the epidermis and dermis, which are responsible for skin darkening, photoaging, and DNA damage. UVB region (280-320 nm) acts mainly on the epidermis, which is the major cause of sunburn and skin cancer. The UVC region (200-280 nm) is less hazardous because the radiation is filtered by the stratospheric ozone layer. 1,2 Excessive exposure to UVR has harmful effects on human skin which potentially causes skin damage. Therefore, photoprotection from both UVA and UVB radiation is more of a concern for the development of sunscreen.Sunscreen plays a critical role in reducing the incidence of UVinduced skin problems with its ability to absorb, scatter, and reflect the harmful radiation, thus creating a chemical barrier on the skin that avoids skin damage caused by UVR. 3 The common ingredients in current sunscreen include organic compounds such as benzophenones, avobenzone, and p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives; inorganic compounds such as zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, and kaolin. 4 The long-term use of sunscreen consisting of these ingredients has been reported to cause negative health effects such as dermatitis, phototoxic, photoallergic, photogenotoxicity, and systemic toxicity. [5][6][7] Some studies also reported the negative environmental effect of chemical ingredients in sunscreen such as the damage to coral reefs that leads to ecosystem disruption. 8 Therefore, it is important to develop an effective sunscreen with minimum side effects.

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The present study deals with the optimization of phospholipid liposome formulations to mimic red blood cells. Optimization of different concentrations of distearylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine at a fixed concentration of lecithin and Tween® 80 was done using response surface methodology. The optimized formulation produced liposomes with a particle size in the range of 112–196 nm. The optimized formulation shows low encapsulation efficiency at low levels of insulin but increases at higher loading levels. Formulated vesicles fulfill the size requirement for intravenous drug delivery. The present system is environmentally friendly with respect to biodegradability and biocompatibility.