In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes.

The Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC-S) is a measure of the extent to which individuals reflect and are influenced by the immediate as well as by the distant outcomes of current behavior. It's composed by 12 items, grouped into two subscales (future and immediate). This study aims to explore the factor structure, psychometric properties and construct validity of the Portuguese version of the CFC-S in 5 samples, composed by 527 participants with ages between 13 and 71. A 2 factor structure has been found through Confirmatory Factor Analysis among several tested models. Item 5 has been eliminated in order to achieve better fit indices (χ2 df = 3.88, CFI = .90, GFI = .95, RMSEA = .07) and improve internal consistency. Both CFC subscales presented strong correlations with several psychological phenomena (Sensation Seeking, Self-Esteem, Temporal Extension and Time Perspective) and main effects among groups of age and criminal record (for CFC-I, p < .001, for CFC-F, p < .001). These results allow us to support CFC as an efficient psychological evaluation instrument and as an important metric for individual differences in the study of temporal orientation.

ResumenEste estudio tuvo como objetivo la adaptación al español de la Escala de Consideración de las Consecuencias Futuras de Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, (1994). Para ello se examinó a una muestra compuesta por 184 estudiantes universitarios quienes cumplimentaron dicho instrumento y el Inventario de Personalidad de los Cinco Grandes. Los resultados mostraron que la escala posee buenas propiedades psicométricas para ser utilizada con fines de investigación. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que se replica la estructura de dos factores compuesta por una subescala de Futuro y otra de Inmediatez. Se aprecian también que los hombres puntúan más alto que las mujeres en la sub-escala CFC-I y se revela que el ítem 5 no es adecuado para la versión en castellano. Finalmente se presentan las limitaciones y líneas futuras de investigación.Palabras clave: consideración de las consecuencias futuras, adaptación de escalas, temporalidad subjetiva, análisis factorial confirmatorio, personalidad AbstractThis paper objective was to test the validity of a Spanish version of Strathman et al. (1994) Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC-S). A sample of 184 university students completed the CFC-Sscale and the Big Five Personality Inventory. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the scale replicates the bi-factorial structure of the English version, with a Future and an Immediate subscale. Overall, results showed that the CFC Scale has acceptable psychometric properties. Additionally, men scored higher than women on the CFC-I subscale and the item 5 is not adequate in this Spanish version. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

Se presenta la validación para población universitaria uruguaya del Bloque Completo de Estrategias de Aprendizaje del Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) de Pintrich, Smith, García y McKeachie (1991; 1993). Participaron 589 estudiantes de Psicología, 460 mujeres (78%) y 129 hombres (22%), la media de edad es 23.43 años (DT=7.93). Los análisis de correlación bivariada permitieron observar una correlación positiva (r= .08, p≤.05) entre las estrategias de Elaboración y la nota final. También se observa una correlación positiva  (r=.11, p≤.01) entre la sub-escala Aprendizaje entre Pares y el rendimiento académico. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio permite concluir que el modelo más parsimonioso está compuesto por nueve factores agrupados en un modelo bifactor, esta organización refleja la estructura teórica original.

ResumoA Perspetiva Temporal é uma dimensão cognitivo-motivacional. Um dos modelos com maior difusão na atualidade é apresentado por Zimbardo e Boyd (1999). Contudo, é importante referir que este modelo não considera a influência da temporalidade futura negativa, apesar de esta ser referida como fundamental por Lewin (1965). São três os objetivos deste estudo: determinar a estrutura fatorial i) do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), ii) da Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale (TFTPS) através de Modelação de Equações Estruturais e iii) apresentar um novo modelo multidimensional no qual seja considerada a dimensão negativa da temporalidade futura. Os resultados com ambos os instrumentos foram coerentes com a teoria estabelecida, assim como também permitem sugerir um novo modelo formado por sete dimensões temporais. Palavras-chave: perspetiva temporal, ZTPI, TFTPS, futuro negativo, temporalidade subjetiva, modelação de equações estruturais AbstractTime Perspective is a cognitive-motivational dimension. Currently, Zimbardo & Boyd´s (1999) model is one of the most cited, still, it doesn´t consider the influence of future negative temporality, which is referred by Lewin (1965) as fundamental for human understanding. This study has three objectives, to determine i) Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and ii) Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale (TFTPS) factor structures through Structural Equation Modeling and iii) to establish a new multidimensional model which includes the negative future dimension. Results with both instruments showed a structure coherently aligned with current theory, suggesting a new model formed by seven temporal dimensions.