(1) The goal of this study was to analyze the prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption (frequency of consumption, average daily consumption, and risky consumption) before and during confinement due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the adult population and based on gender. (2) Methods: Data from 3779 individuals were collected via a set of online surveys. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C) were used to measure the frequency of consumption, the average daily consumption, intensive consumption, risky consumption, and standard drink units. (3) Results: During confinement, the prevalence of alcohol consumption declined in both males and females, but only intensive consumption showed significant differences, with a greater reduction in males. The number of females who consumed alcohol four or more times per week doubled, whereas the number of males who did so was multiplied by a factor of 1.5; in both females and males, the percentage who presented intensive consumption doubled. The percentage of females with risky consumption was higher than that of males both before and during confinement. In addition to gender, the interaction between age and the employment situation explain consumption before and during confinement. (4) Conclusions: During confinement due to COVID-19, alcohol consumption declined in both sexes, but alcohol-risk consumers increased their frequency of use. The interaction between gender, age, and employment situation was related to these changes. These findings are relevant for guiding public health and health-risk management policies related to alcohol consumption in environmental situations similar to COVID-19.

(1) The aim of the present study was to evaluate and characterize changes in alcohol use during the COVID-19 confinement in a sample of Spanish adults, analyzing their age and living situation as defining life cycle variables. (2) Method: Data from 3779 individuals were collected through a set of online surveys. AUDIT-C was used to measure the frequency of consumption, the average daily consumption, intensive consumption, risky consumption, and Standard Drink Units. (3) Results: Although alcohol consumption during confinement showed a significant general decline, age revealed important differences, with the decline being more pronounced in adults from 18 to 29 years old. The living situation also showed significant differences. The largest decreases in alcohol consumption were found in those who lived with their parents or other relatives, whereas those who lived alone or with a partner even increased their level of consumption. In addition, the data show a significant interaction between these two variables and gender. (4) Conclusions: Age and cohabitation processes are key factors in understanding the life situation of each individual during confinement and, consequently, in explaining consumption patterns. The results obtained provide interesting recommendations for designing prevention policies in both normal and crisis circumstances, emphasizing the need to understand alcohol use from a psychosocial perspective.

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A través del presente trabajo, se han estudiado la obtención de diferentes disoluciones sólidas en la estructura granate de itrio y aluminio, Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (YAG) sintetizadas vía Pechini y la posibilidad de modificar la intensidad del campo cristalino, D o , que actúa sobre el ion Cr(III), como agente cromóforo, mediante la introducción de cationes divalentes (Mn(II) y Mg(II)) y tetravalentes (Ce(IV), Zr(IV) y Sn(IV)). Los resultados alcanzados han posibilitado comprender que con la introducción de los iones divalentes, éstos no han sido suficientes para intensificar dicho campo del Cr(III), ya que estabilizan al ion Cr(IV) y esto provoca distorsiones estructurales. Con la introducción de los iones tetravalentes, sí que se consigue intensificar el campo que actúa sobre el ion cromóforo, observándose la transición de la tonalidad verde, típica del Cr(III) en un campo débil, a una tonalidad roja, típica para el mismo ion en un campo fuerte. Sin embargo y a través de los estudios estructurales mediante difracción de rayos X, se ha observado que junto con el desarrollo de la estructura granate, disolución sólida, aparecen fases laterales de Y 0,15 Zr 0,85 O 1,93 y Y 2 Sn 2 O 7 , esta última como fase pirocloro. Se ha comprobado la obtención de una tonalidad roja-violácea con la introducción de Cr(III) en dicha estructura pirocloro. Por último, se han probado las fases sintetizadas como pigmentos mediante la utilización de un vidriado (frita) transparente de naturaleza borácica, industrial. Los materiales que contienen estaño en su estructura han mostrado un buen poder pigmentante y estabilidad a 1080ºC. Palabras clave: granates, pigmentos cerámicos, Pechini, síntesis, cristaloquímica. Synthesis of new red coloured ceramic pigments by Pechini methodVarious garnet solid solutions within the structure of the yttrium aluminium garnet, Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (YAG) were sinthesized via Pechini and the possibility for the modification of the crystal field intensity acting on the chromophore Cr(III) ion by means of substitution with divalent (Mn(II) and Mg(II)) and tetravalent (Ce(IV), Zr(IV) and Sn(IV)) cations was studied. The results obtained indicate that the crystal field can not be intensifyed through the introduction of divalent ions since they stabilize the Cr(IV) ion which probably expands the structure by inducing distortions in it. The introduction of tetravalent ions makes possible the intensification of the crystal field acting on the chromium and the change of the typical green colour of Cr(III) in a week field to red which is typical for the same in strong field. However, the structural studies carried out by X-ray diffraction show that together with the garnet fase Y 0,15 Zr 0,85 O 1,93 and Y 2 Sn 2 O 7 are formed, the latter having pyrochlore structure. It was demonstarted that the introduction of Cr(III) in the mantioned pyrochlore structure results in the formation of a redviolet pigment. Finally, the sinthesized fases were checked as pigments using an industrial transparent boron containing frit. The tin containi...

El objetivo del estudio fue elaborar un perfil de los adolescentes policonsumidores, clasificándolos de acuerdo a la edad de inicio y a sus patrones de consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y la prevalencia de borracheras. Asimismo, se estudió si la variable conducta problema diferencia entre los conglomerados resultantes. La muestra consistió en 284 alumnos y alumnas entre 14 y 17 años de los cuales el 18,3% referían ser policonsumidores. Se administraron la Escala de edad de inicio al uso de drogas, el Cuestionario de frecuencia de uso de drogas y la Escala de comportamiento problemático. Los resultados del análisis clúster con la muestra de policonsumidores, arrojaron una solución de tres conglomerados. Concretamente, el clúster de menores policonsumidores de riesgo está compuesto por los sujetos que inician el consumo a edades más tempranas y que presentan una mayor frecuencia del mismo, siendo además el grupo que se relaciona con una mayor frecuencia de emisión de conductas antisociales. Se destaca la importancia de una actuación por parte de los poderes públicos para asegurar el cumplimiento de la legislación, así como para el fomento de programas preventivos escolares y familiares de tipo selectivo basados en evidencia científica.