This review of recent research concerning Rotter's concept of internal-external control of reinforcement is divided into 12 areas: the Internal-External (I-E) Control Scale, personality, attempts to control the environment, achievement, reactions to threat, ethnic group and social class differences, parent-child relationships, risk-taking, reactions to social stimuli, and the relation of the internal-external control measure to anxiety, adjustment, and learning. Evidence generally supports the validity of Rotter's concept. Implications and limitations of the research are presented, and suggestions for further work in specific problem areas are made.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays an important role in hematopoiesis and host defense via interaction with specific cell-surface receptors in target tissues. We identified a truncated, soluble form of the low-affinity GM-CSF receptor (GMR) in choriocarcinoma cells. Low-affinity GMR cDNAs encoding both the membrane-bound and soluble receptors were obtained by PCR using primers corresponding to the published sequence. Clones encoding the soluble receptor were identical in sequence to the membrane-bound form but contained a 97-nucleotide internal deletion. The amino acid sequence of this deleted cDNA predicts a protein that lacks the 84 C-terminal amino acids of the membrane-bound receptor, including the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, and contains 16 different amino acids at its C terminus.

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BackgroundTo provide a descriptive analysis of scrotal and testicular trauma in the USA. Additionally, we hypothesized that motorcycle collision would have a higher association with scrotal or testicular trauma and subsequent scrotal or testicular operation, compared to a bicycle collision.MethodsThe National Trauma Data Bank (2007–2015) was queried to identify adult male patients with scrotal or testicular trauma. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed.ResultsA total of 8,030 patients (0.23%) had scrotal/testicular injury, with 44.6% involved in blunt trauma. A penetrating mechanism occurred in 50.5% of cases, with assault by firearm (75.8%) being the most common. The median age of the patients was 31 years and the median injury severity score was 8. Most had isolated scrotal or testicular trauma (74.5%), with 48.3% requiring scrotal or testicular operation, most commonly repair of laceration (37.3%). Patients involved in a motorcycle collision had higher risk for scrotal/testicular trauma (OR=5.40, CI=4.40–6.61, p=0.0004) and subsequent scrotal/testicular surgery (OR=4.93, CI=3.82–6.36, p=0.0005), compared to bicycle collision.ConclusionScrotal or testicular trauma is rare but occurs most commonly after assault by firearm. Most patients only have isolated scrotal or testicular trauma, but nearly half require subsequent scrotal or testicular operation. Trauma patients presenting after a motorcycle collision have a higher association of scrotal or testicular trauma and subsequent surgery when compared to those involved in a bicycle collision.