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The separation of ethanol-water mixture is employed in the present work to produce pure ethanol, the present investigation on the separation of water from the ethanol to achieve pure ethanol by adsorption process. The different parameters like quantity of adsorbent, flow rate of feed mixture, and different adsorbents which are zeolite 3A, zeolite 4A, and silica gel are selected to study purification of ethanol by adsorption. The effect of process parameter for purification is also recorded and studied to evaluate the performance of adsorption equipment and adsorbent. The experiments are conducted at 30°C. The feed mixture is 95.6% (v/v) concentration of ethanol and 4.4% (v/v) of water. The designed adsorption column is suitable for purification of ethanol. The highest ethanol concentration 99.9443% obtained at 20 ml/min flow rate of feed mixture using 50 g of zeolite.

Kinetics of catalytic esterification between propionic acid and n-butanol has been studied in a batch reactor by using a Ti-supported SBA-15 catalyst with sulfonic acid. The synthesized catalyst is used to test the efficacy of catalyst for esterification reaction. The SBA-15 acidity is tied to incorporation of Ti and -SO3H groups through and the use of Si/Ti with Si/S molar ratios. The results are mesoporous materials with a typical hexagonal structure of the Ti SBA-15 and wide areas and high pore diameters that are operated with sulfonic groups. The addition of SBA to Ti leads mainly to catalytic materials with Bronsted and Lewis acid sites. Ti SBA-15 is the most effective catalyst for sulfonic acid, with the highest consents of Lewis acid sites and deactivation resistance and low hydrophilicity. The effect of temperature, catalyst amount, and molar ratio on reaction kinetics has been studied. The conversion of propionic acid is found to be 91% at 115°C at a 2 : 1 ratio of n-butanol to propionic acid molars with 2% of sulfonic acid supported Ti SBA-15. The Eley-Rideal kinetic model is used to fit the experimental data. The activation energy and kinetic factor are found to be 29.63 kJ mol–1 and k o 0.549 L2 g-1 mol-1, respectively.

Because biofuels are ecologically beneficial and might possibly lessen global warming, many academics are interested in studying them. Nanoparticles have been added to biodiesel to improve its performance as well as emissions. Diesel engine that operates on waste cooking oil biodiesel is the subject of the present research, which evaluates the impact of MgO nanoadditives on performance and emissions. Transesterification was done to convert waste cooking oil biodiesel into methyl ester. In the present study, SEM (scanning electron microscope), TEM (transmission electron microscope), and EDX spectroscopy are used for investigation of nanoadditives. The sample contained biodiesel blends with and without nanomagnesium oxide, as well as a combination of the two. According to the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), the biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil met all fuel standards. The results of the testing were obtained by running a single-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine under a variety of loads. Using SEM analysis, the diameter of nanoparticles is found to be 20 nm to 38 nm. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles have been shown to include the elements oxygen, iron sulphide, silicon dioxide, and sodium. Oxygen accounted for about 50.74 percent of the samples, magnesium accounted for 45.36 percent, silicon dioxide accounted for 3.24 percent, and sodium accounted for 0.66 percent using EDX spectra. Magnesium oxide develops in unique shapes, with diameters varying from 9.24 to 14.94 nm, as seen in the TEM picture. An investigation found that B20 using 100 ppm MgO nanoparticles increases BTE (brake thermal efficiency) by 2.1 percent while simultaneously reducing SFC (specific fuel consumption) which was found to be ranging from 0.54 to 0.38 kg/kWh, respectively. B20 nanoparticles were used to reduce the amount of HC, CO, and smoke emitted by engines.

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