Magnetorheological (MR) fluids change their flow resistance on the application of magnetic field. This variation in resistance to shear, offered by MR fluid, is rapid and almost completely reversible (no hysteresis). This unique feature has motivated authors to design a variable resistance brake using MR fluid. The present paper describes the design procedure of MR brake and discusses the effect of MR gap on its braking torque. Two brakes, Brake 1 with MR gap 1 mm and Brake 2 with MR gap 2 mm have been designed and fabricated. To generate magnetic field one central electro-magnet and two side electromagnets have been suggested. To validate the theoretical design and its findings, prototyping, and experimental study of MR brake have been performed. Vibrating sample magnetometer test has been carried out to obtain magnetic properties of the MR fluid and its magnetic phase. An experimental test setup has been developed to measure the braking torque under various operating speeds (200 to 1200 r/min) and control currents (0.0 to 1.2 A). The effects of central and side electromagnets on braking torque have been examined. The observed results are presented in tabular and graphical form. A close agreement between theoretical and experimental results has been noticed.

Controllable yield strength of Magnetorheological (MR) suspensions makes them suitable brake material. MR-fluid and MR-grease are two commonly explored MR suspensions, and comparison between their performances is useful to decide their suitability in MR brake applications. The current paper presents such comparison. MR fluid and MR grease have been specially formulated. Ninety percent (weight percent) of Xanthan gum coated electrolytic iron powder has been used for synthesis of both MR suspensions. Two identical brake assemblies, one for MR-fluid and other for MR-grease have been developed. Experiments have been performed in the same operating conditions of speed and magnetic field for MR fluid brake and MR grease brake, and their performances of brake power output and amplification factor has been reported.

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PurposeThe main purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of the literature published on food supply chain management (FSCM) in last one and half decade to find out the ongoing research in the field, identify gaps and develop relevant research questions (RQs) from the perspectives of academicians, researchers, policymakers and corporate for the future research.Design/methodology/approachIn all 281 research articles published on FSCM between the years 2005 and 2020 used for searching online databases such as Emerald, Science Direct (Elsevier), Springer and Wiley online. The methodology of structured review and classification involves various dimensions such as journal, publishing house, country, research design and methods, data analysis tool and multi-criteria decision-making methods.FindingsIt is found that the research in the field of FSCM has gained momentum in the last one and half decades. Majority of published articles are related to food supply chain management and food cold chain. Fewer authors have addressed issues and challenges related to food chain in developing country like India and still fewer studies are found on comparison of present food chain management practices adopted by developing countries like India vis-à-vis developed countries. Also it is observed that limited research is reported in food chain logistics system and intelligent tracking system.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper is limited to reviewing only those articles which are related to food chain management.Originality/valueThe main objective of this comprehensive review of literature is to present the various perspectives of food chain management and its numerous challenges. This paper attempts to draw the attention of researchers for further research in the FSCM disciplines. The findings provide future research directions, need of sound policymaking and regulatory mechanism to ensure food security to world's second largest populous country.

In cities, the efficiency of resolving pickup and delivery routes is dependent on calculating the shortest routes among shops in a complicated road network directly. Selecting the best path is a practical problem with a high frequency of application in everyday life, and it has practical implications for the research. One of the most well-known optimal path selection methods is the Dijkstra's based greedy Algorithm. In actuality, there exist numerous models for route selection; however, the main focus of this study is on the implementation of one of them, shortest path algorithms for distribution routing optimization. When solving the optimal path problem, it also serves as the theoretical foundation for many empirical models. Many factors will affect your decision on the best path to choose. In practise, the selection conditions will frequently contain many precedence conditions and will entirely pick the influence path. The optimization algorithm is implemented and confirmed in this paper through analysis and actual application.