After the harvest of crop, the disposal of the rice stubbles remains a notable area of interest in all the growing areas of rice. The present review paper explores and highlights an effective strategy of decomposing the decomposers of the paddy stubble. Due to the increasing production of rice, there is an increase in rice crop residues and stubbles production. Conventional methods of management of paddy involve burning, surface retention, mulching, bailing, incorporation/amalgamation and direct removal. However, there are certain environmental challenges by using available agricultural implements. Thus, this current study demonstrates strategic management of the paddy crop residue for a sustainable environment. The developed eco-friendly methods will render new dimensions for the application of the post harvested residues. The review paper will be significant for sustainable management of the wastes of the paddy crop and hence strategic decomposition method, which will be beneficial for the society, farmers as well as the environment

Chemical/synthetic coagulants are widely used to remove suspended solids and organic loads from water, but they pose several environmental and public health issues due to their chronic toxicity. The study evaluated the performance of these natural coagulants individually and in blended combinations with a synthetic coagulant, Alum, in terms of the percentage removal of turbidity, TSS, BOD, and COD after water treatment at optimum dosages. The blended use of all three coagulants in equal proportion showed the best performance (turbidity removal = 91.91%; TSS removal = 51.18%; BOD removal = 41.67%; and COD removal = 55.56%), but increased the pH of treated water from 7.10 to 7.95. The treatment cost analysis showed that Alum had the lowest treatment cost (Rs. 0.78 per 1,000 L); while the blended use of Moringa oleifera and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) at the optimum dosage of 120 mg/L had the lowest cost (Rs. 31.20 per 1,000 L) among the natural coagulants. Despite higher cost of treatment, the use of natural coagulants in water and wastewater treatment provide sustainable solutions while reducing the negative impact of synthetic coagulants on the environment and public health.

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The research study deals with the results of the yield and yield attributing characters of the wheat crop corresponding to the nine different treatments (T-1 to T-9) of paddy residue management. The wheat yield accounts for the grain yield and straw yield while the wheat yield attributing characters include the spike length, grains per spike, grain test weight, etc. The results of these pertains to the data collected and analysed from the two consecutive years of field experimentation employing various treatments and replications of paddy stubble management. The resultant data of different parameters (yield and its attributing characters) from various treatments carried out through the two years of field experiments is tabulated in the Table 1 and Table 2 for effective discussion of results. The results suggested that the combined use of SMS (straw management system) mounted combine harvester, happy seeder and decomposer provides the best way to manage paddy residue, thereby yielding good yields of succeeding wheat crop to the farmers.

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