Edible oil, being obtained from vegetable sources, is primarily composed of fatty acids and used for cooking, medicinal and cosmetic purposes. It is estimated that about 90 per cent of vegetable oils are used for edible purposes. The sunflower oil used as based oil for replacement. The sunflower oil was replaced by (40-85), mustard, soybean and groundnut are each (5-20%). During the storage of individual and blended oil, pH, density and specific gravity value was decreased with increasing the storage period and types of storage condition. During the storage of individual and blended oil, free fatty acid was increase with increasing the storage period and types of storage condition. During the storage of individual and blended oil, iodine value was decrease with decreasing the storage period and types of storage condition. Peroxide value was increased with increasing the storage period and types of storage condition. Edible oils processing poses challenges due to its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds. The oils refining objective is to remove completely all the minor compounds which are present in the crude oil: free fatty acids, peroxides, phospholipides, pigments, water, heavy metals and all the insoluble impurities which affect both the commercial quality and the shelf-life.

Energy is critical component of dairy industry. Dairy industry depends on fossil fuels for energy supply. Energy conservation in dairy plant means to develop a methodology to achieve energy saving to reduce energy costs in processing system. The aim of experiment was to investigate average quantity of milk, electricity consumption in per day. The data was analyzed of November 2016, December 2016 and January 2017 for old alfa pasteurizer in Parag dairy Meerut. The highest average quantity of milk, electricity consumption and thermal energy in shift B of November was 520.17 kg, 17.36 (KW) and 144.08(KJ×10 3), respectively. The lowest average quantity of milk, electricity consumption and thermal energy in shift A of November was 14 kg, 0.47 (KW) and 3.88 (KJ×10 3). Followed by The highest average quantity of milk, electricity and thermal energy consumption in December was 224.80 kg, 7.50 (KW) and 62.0 (KJ×10 3) in shift B and the lowest collection of milk 14.04 kg, electricity consumption average 0.47 (KW) and thermal energy consumption 3.78 (KJ×10 3) in shift A of old alfa pasteurizer. Old alfa pasteurizer's highest average quantity of milk in January (2017), 111.78 kg, electricity consumption average was 3.73 (KW) and thermal energy consumption 31.07 (KJ×10 3) in shift B while lowest average collection of milk, electricity and thermal energy consumption was 42.26 kg, 1.41 (KW) and 11.79 (KJ×10 3) in shift C, respectively.

Purpose of Study: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of patient characteristics and equipment-related factors on the computed tomography (CT) dose received by patients from positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) using system-generated dose-length product (DLP) values and also to check the effective dose (ED) received from various CT protocols at our institute. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 78 adult patients who underwent F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose whole-body PET-CT and were divided into three groups based on the area of primary cancerous lesion. In Group A, we had 44 patients who underwent PET-CT (head-and-neck protocol), in Group B, we had 24 patients who underwent PET-CT (whole body with brain protocol), and in Group C, we had 10 patients who underwent PET-CT (pelvis protocol). All of the patients under the study are of South Asian ethnicity. A majority of patients 53.85% were males and remaining 46.15% were females. The product of conversion factor (k-coefficient), as described in “American Association of Physicists in Medicine Report No. 96” and DL P value generated by the scanner, was used to calculate the ED. Moreover, we also performed regression analysis to check relation between body weight, height, scan range, tube current, Volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), DLP, and ED. Results: The regression analysis shows that scan range, patient height, weight, tube current, and DLP were significantly correlated with ED ( P < 0.05 for all). Moreover, the DLP and conversion factor method estimated the ED from various groups. Patients under Group A (head-and-neck protocol), Group B (whole body with brain protocol), Group C (pelvis protocol) received an average ED of 22.45 mSv, 22.40 mSv, and 21.24 mSv, respectively. Conclusion: ED from CT component of PET-CT can be assessed as the product of scanner-generated DLP and conversion factor for selected range. Moreover, body weight, scan range, and tube current had an independent significant effect on ED received from CT.

This article briefly describes the event of a defective detector block in a daily quality assurance scan/blank scan and insists on implementing guidelines to scan or not to scan in such a scenario. The nuclear medicine physicist should have a clear understanding of the blank scan graph, which shall help rectify the right cause of problem and give confidence to the physician in reporting the acquired study. A routine blank scan in positron emission tomography signifies various parameters of the crystal (coincidence count rate, single count rate, dead time, and coincidence time along with energy response) and in some respect is analogous to the daily uniformity flood image for gamma cameras, providing an overall assessment of detector response. We encountered a bad detector block in our routine quality assurance scan/blank scan and analyzed the root cause behind such an error which was finally restored to normalcy by replacing the defected part with a new one and an error-free blank scan was established. The analysis was carried out by performing various possible checks and discussing the issue with service engineer to help identify the defects much before service engineer actually arrived in our department. This allowed us to take the correct decision and enabled us to get the scanner repaired faster. Hence, a good understanding of the daily quality control test and proper analysis of the same may result in swift decision-making and faster repair of equipment leading to minimal disruption in the clinical workflow as well as avoidance of suboptimal scanning leading to the wrong diagnosis.

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