No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

dingly to a decrease of the MT and/or GSH concentrations. However, the levels of TBARS and PC were not changed comparing to control detecting the early stage of the injury. Surprisingly, NRR increased in the exposures to higher concentrations of glyphosate, probably due to strong chelating ability of glyphosate or other compounds of formulation. This study allows us to detect the earlier biological effects of glyphosate in the low environmentally realistic concentrations. Further validation of this approach needs the comparison of the results in the ex vivo and in vivo experiments.

Graphical abstract Bivalve molluscs represent the most recognized bioindicators of freshwater pollution. However, their ability to indicate specific xenobiotics in complex exposures is unclear. In this study, we aimed to track the particular effects of the pesticide Roundup (Rnd) and the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine (Cpz) on the mussel Unio tumidus at the simpler environmentally relevant models. We treated the mussels by Rnd (17 μg L −1 ), Cpz (18 μg L −1 ), the mixture of Rnd and Cpz at 18 °C (RndCpz), and Rnd at 25 °C (RndT) and examined their digestive glands after 14 days of exposure. We analyzed total antioxidant capacity, glutathione (GSH&GSSG) and protein carbonyls levels, total and Zn-related concentrations of metallothioneins (MT and Zn-MT, respectively), the activities of CYP450-related EROD, glutathione S -transferase, cholinesterase, caspase-3, citrate synthase (CS), lysosomal membrane integrity (NRR), and Zn level in the tissue. Shared responses were indicated as the increase of the antioxidant, Zn-MT, and EROD levels, whereas the changes of Zn concentration, NRR, and caspase-3 activity were most diverse compared to control. According to discriminant analysis, complex exposures abolished the individual response traits and intensified the harmful effects that caused a decrease in the Zn level in the RndCpz- and RndT-groups and the loss of lysosomal integrity in the RndT-group. We concluded that multi-marker expertise with the application of integrated indices had benefits when evaluating the effects of complex exposures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-16775-1.