This study examines the effects of health expenditure, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, population size, and income on health outcomes in 46 Asian nations between 1997 and 2019. Cross-sectional dependence (CSD) and slope heterogeneity (SH) tests are utilized due to the close linkages between Asian nations as a result of commerce, tourism, religion, and international agreements. The research uses unit root and cointegration tests of the second generation after validating CSD and SH issues. Due to the results of the CSD and SH tests, it is clear that conventional methods of estimation are inappropriate, so a new panel method, the inter autoregressive distributive lag (CS-ARDL) model, is used instead. In addition to CS-ARDL, the study’s results were checked with a common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) method and an augmented mean group (AMG) method. According to the CS-ARDL study, higher rates of energy use and healthcare spending lead to better health outcomes for Asian countries over the long run. CO2 emissions are shown to be harmful to human health, according to the study. The influence of a population’s size on health outcomes is shown to be negative in the CS-ARDL and CCEMG, but favorable in the AMG. Only the AMG coefficient is significant. In most instances, the results of the AMG and CCEMG corroborate the results of the CS-ARDL. Among all the factors influencing life expectancy in Asian countries, healthcare spending is the most influential. Hence, to improve health outcomes, Asian countries need to take the required actions to boost health spending, energy consumption, and long-term economic growth. To achieve the best possible health outcomes, Asian countries should also reduce their CO2 emissions.

The overall objective of the given paper was to study the relationship of inbound medical tourism destinations with international tourism, economic development of recipient countries, the development of national healthcare systems and the institutional features of their environment, in terms of protection of the rights and freedoms of both business and citizens. In order to achieve this objective, the authors used methods of grouping, as well as correlation and regression analysis. The conducted study revealed that the formation of medical tourism destinations in countries with high social and economic development occurs in a balanced and unidirectional manner; simultaneously, one can see that the countries with “new economic development” form a sufficiently powerful and competitive market for medical tourism. All these countries have one thing in common: namely, there is a link between medical tourism and healthcare funding, international tourism and development of political and civil freedoms. Nevertheless, the noted aspects are not dominant enough, and this indicates that there are other internal factors and their configurations which shape a positive image of countries for medical tourism development. This finding leads to the necessity of further analysis in this field with a breakdown into separate countries or destinations.

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A business model is a key tool for companies and their employees to achieve market success. It can be used by healthcare providers, though this is not a common practice. While the number of publications about business models is growing, there is no universal description of a model which can be used by hospitals. The purpose of this article is to present a new business model on the healthcare market, launching of which will be accompanied by an adjustment of the value linkage and aims to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. This proposal for a business model is based on the analysis of business models available in the literature for healthcare providers and of business models for service companies. The business model proposed serves as a main key to achieving market success by entities and their employees. The healthcare providers delivering medical services through digital technologies improve communication between doctors and patients, employees of the healthcare services and stakeholders. These technologies increase patients’ quality of life and have a special meaning to increase their overall health. The digital business model provides increased values to the patients which manifests itself in service reliability information and customer focus.