Tumor necrosis factor and alzheimer's disease: a cause and consequence relationship Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) was discovered more than a century ago as endotoxin-induced glycoprotein, which causes haemorrhagic necrosis of sarcomas. Originally described as a circulating factor that causes necrosis of tumours,it now appears that TNF has diverse and critical roles to play in the pathogenic progression of a number of chronic inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, Alzheimer's disease, ischemic stroke, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. A pivotal role has emerged for TNF as an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease pathology, as TNF appears to modulate several neuropathological mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Evidence for the involvement of TNF in Alzheimer's disease pathology and neuronal loss comes from studies of TNF over-expression, TNF localization studies, multiple relationships between TNF and amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), interactions between TNF and the microtubule-associated tau protein, TNF-mediated apoptotic cell death, and association of TNF with several neurotransmitters linked to Alzheimer's pathology. This review presents TNF as a neuromodulator in pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease by linking it with several endogenous mediators and advocates its status as a current therapeutic target in the quest to find a cure for Alzheimer's disease.

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ABSTRACT"Dental fluorosis," a specific disturbance in tooth formation and an esthetic condition, is defined as a chronic, fluorideinduced condition, in which enamel development is disrupted and the enamel is hypomineralized. Fluorosis can be prevented by having an adequate knowledge of the fluoride sources, knowing how to manage this issue and therefore, avoid overexposure. Controlling the fluoride intake is the best preventive measure for dental fluorosis, however when this is already installed and causing esthetic problems to the patient, many treatment techniques are recommended. This article describes an esthetic rehabilitation of a case of severe fluorosis using a new system for placing direct composite veneer, the Uveneer System (Ultradent) which simulates predictable shape and symmetry of natural teeth. In cases of severe dental fluorosis, the tooth enamel usually becomes porous and tooth whitening methods are not recommended. Therefore, minimally invasive technique of direct composite veneering using facial templates is the treatment of choice as it is easy to use, enhance clinical productivity, saves time, requires minimal preparation and is cost effective.