The present review emphasized on decline of pollinators by application of insecticides. The pesticides affect badly to important pollinators alters their foraging behaviour and other important activities. The chemical composition of pesticides, methods and time of their application can alter toxicity to pollinators. To avoid this decline of pollinators the pesticides should be applied to affected plants only and should not apply in day time when pollinators remain active. Besides these above mentioned practices, other important measures like crop rotation, use of organic pesticides, use of bio-controller agents and weeds destruction are also considered good for pest destruction.

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In the present study, we sequenced the individuals of the Danaus chrysippus from the different altitudinal ranges in the western Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, India and compared with other global published data across its distribution range using the cytochrome oxidase c subunit-I (COI). Among the sequences generated in this study, we observed total six haplotypes with intra-species sequence divergence of 0.001-0.009. Whereas the combined data generated a total of 24 haplotypes. The genetic diversity and neutrality test indices suggested overall population expansion of the species. This has also been supported by the MJ Network as it shows the star-like topology and formation of one core haplotype with maximum frequency distribution to the multiple locations. Whereas, the phylogenetic tree shows mixing of the haplotype from the different locations to the same clade. Haplotype arrangement in both phylogenetic tree and MJ Network is not clustered as per their geographic affinity, which suggests incomplete lineage shorting and recent population expansion or colonizations to the new area.

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