Loss-of-function variants in the MC1R gene cause recessive red or yellow coat-colour phenotypes in many species. The canine MC1R:c.916C>T (p.Arg306Ter) variant is widespread and found in a homozygous state in many uniformly yellow- or red-coloured dogs. We investigated cream-coloured Australian Cattle Dogs whose coat colour could not be explained by this variant. A genome-wide association study with 10 cream and 123 red Australian Cattle Dogs confirmed that the cream locus indeed maps to MC1R. Whole-genome sequencing of cream dogs revealed a single nucleotide variant within the MITF binding site of the canine MC1R promoter. We propose to designate the mutant alleles at MC1R:c.916C>T as e and at the new promoter variant as e . Both alleles segregate in the Australian Cattle Dog breed. When we considered both alleles in combination, we observed perfect association between the MC1R genotypes and the cream coat colour phenotype in a cohort of 10 cases and 324 control dogs. Analysis of the MC1R transcript levels in an e /e compound heterozygous dog confirmed that the transcript levels of the e allele were markedly reduced with respect to the e allele. We further report another MC1R loss-of-function allele in Alaskan and Siberian Huskies caused by a 2-bp deletion in the coding sequence, MC1R:c.816_817delCT. We propose to term this allele e . Huskies that carry two copies of MC1R loss-of-function alleles have a white coat colour.
Several enzymes are involved in fatty acid oxidation, which is a key process in mitochondrial energy production. Inherited defects affecting any step of fatty acid oxidation can result in clinical disease. We present here an extended family of German Hunting Terriers with 10 dogs affected by clinical signs of exercise induced weakness, muscle pain, and suspected rhabdomyolysis. The combination of clinical signs, muscle histopathology and acylcarnitine analysis with an elevated tetradecenoylcarnitine (C14:1) peak suggested a possible diagnosis of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase very long chain deficiency (ACADVLD). Whole genome sequence analysis of one affected dog and 191 controls revealed a nonsense variant in the ACADVL gene encoding acyl-CoA dehydrogenase very long chain, c.1728C>A or p.(Tyr576*). The variant showed perfect association with the phenotype in the 10 affected and more than 500 control dogs of various breeds. Pathogenic variants in the ACADVL gene have been reported in humans with similar myopathic phenotypes. We therefore considered the detected variant to be the most likely candidate causative variant for the observed exercise induced myopathy. To our knowledge, this is the first description of this disease in dogs, which we propose to name exercise induced metabolic myopathy (EIMM), and the identification of the first canine pathogenic ACADVL variant. Our findings provide a large animal model for a known human disease and will enable genetic testing to avoid the unintentional breeding of affected offspring.
Causative genetic variants for more than 30 heritable eye disorders in dogs have been reported. For other clinically described eye disorders, the genetic cause is still unclear. We investigated four Golden Retriever litters segregating for highly variable congenital eye malformations. Several affected puppies had unilateral or bilateral retina dysplasia and/or optic nerve hypoplasia. The four litters shared the same father or grandfather suggesting a heritable condition with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The genome of one affected dog was sequenced and compared to 601 control genomes. A heterozygous private nonsense variant, c.487C>T, was found in the SIX6 gene. This variant is predicted to truncate about a third of the open reading frame, p.(Gln163*). We genotyped all available family members and 464 unrelated Golden Retrievers. All three available cases were heterozygous. Five additional close relatives including the common sire were also heterozygous, but did not show any obvious eye phenotypes. The variant was absent from the 464 unrelated Golden Retrievers and 17 non-affected siblings of the cases. The SIX6 protein is a homeobox transcription factor with a known role in eye development. In humans and other species, SIX6 loss of function variants were reported to cause congenital eye malformations. This strongly suggests that the c.487C>T variant detected contributed to the observed eye malformations. We hypothesize that the residual amount of functional SIX6 protein likely to be expressed in heterozygous dogs is sufficient to explain the observed incomplete penetrance and the varying severity of the eye defects in the affected dogs.
Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel Die belastungsabhängige metabolische Myopathie beim Deutschen Jagdterrier ist eine autosomal-rezessive Erbkrankheit, die aufgrund einer Punktmutation zu einem Enzymdefekt der sehr langkettigen Acyl-CoA-Dehydrogenase führt und klinisch durch belastungsabhängige Schwäche, schwere Myalgien und Myoglobinurie charakterisiert ist. In dieser Studie wurde der klinische Verlauf der Erkrankung bei 9 betroffenen Deutschen Jagdterriern über 1 Jahr untersucht. Die Behandlung der Hunde umfasste die orale Supplementierung von L-Carnitin und Koenzym Q10 sowie eine Diät mit hohem Kohlenhydratgehalt und einem niedrigen Anteil an langkettigen Fettsäuren. Material und Methode Die 9 Hunde mit nachgewiesenem Gendefekt wurden bei Auftreten der ersten Symptome (Messzeitpunkt 1, MZP1) und 1 Jahr später (Messzeitpunkt 2, MZP2) klinisch-neurologisch untersucht und es erfolgte eine Blutuntersuchung mit Analyse hämatologischer und klinisch-chemischer Parameter sowie der Konzentration des natriuretischen Peptids Typ B (NT-proBNP). Ergebnisse Zum MZP2 zeigten die Hunde, wie bereits zum MZP1, nach Belastung ein steifes Gangbild, Muskelschwäche und -schmerz und hatten einen dunkelbraun verfärbten Urin. Bei den hämatologischen Parametern und der NT-proBNP-Konzentration ergaben sich, wie zum MZP1, keine Abweichungen vom Referenzbereich. Die Aktivitäten der Kreatinkinase und Alanin-Aminotransferase unterschieden sich statistisch nicht signifikant zwischen beiden MZP (pCK = 0,31, pALT = 0,64). Nach Auswertung einer Besitzerbefragung und der klinisch-neurologischen Untersuchung der Hunde ließ sich im Rahmen der Verlaufsuntersuchung keine Verbesserung der myopathischen Beschwerden feststellen. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz Die orale Supplementierung von L-Carnitin und Koenzym Q10 sowie spezielle diätetische Maßnahmen über 1 Jahr führten zu keiner Verbesserung der klinischen Symptomatik oder der untersuchten Laborparameter. Die Tiere zeigten keine progressive Verschlechterung der Symptomatik im Vergleich zur Erstvorstellung. Die Prognose ist jedoch als vorsichtig zu bezeichnen, da Daten zum Langzeitverlauf über einige Jahre fehlen. Unsere Ergebnisse bilden eine Grundlage für weitere Forschungen zu Lipidspeichermyopathien, insbesondere mit Fokus auf die belastungsabhängige metabolische Myopathie des Deutschen Jagdterriers, deren Therapie und eine entsprechende Zuchthygiene.
Diaphys?re Femurfrakturen kommen bei der Katze relativ h?ufig vor und basieren meist auf einem traumatischen Ursprung. Es gibt mehrere M?glichkeiten, die Frakturen zu fixieren, aber es ist schwierig zu sagen, welche Methode die beste ist. Die Autoren vergleichen daher 2 Fixationsmethoden, um eine Aussage ?ber die Komplikationsrate zu treffen.
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