O estudo avaliou a prevalência de depressão pós-parto (DPP) e fatores associados em mulheres que deram à luz em dois hospitais da cidade de São Paulo: um público e outro privado. Foram aplicados questionários padronizados, a Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edimburgo (EDPE) e a Escala de Apoio Social de MOS (EAS) a 462 mulheres: 205, no hospital público e 257, no privado. Foram obtidos dados sociodemográficos, psicossociais, obstétricos e do recém-nascido (RN). Consideraram-se deprimidas mulheres com 12 ou mais pontos na EDPE, aplicada no 3º ou 4º mês após o parto. No hospital público, a prevalência de DPP foi de 26% e, no privado, de 9%. Características dos RN foram semelhantes nas duas amostras; idade, escolaridade, número de visitas de pré-natal e de cesarianas das mães foram maiores no hospital privado. Análise de regressão envolvendo características psicossociais das participantes revelou associação positiva de DPP com depressão anterior e com frequência de conflitos com o parceiro e relação negativa com anos de escolaridade e escore de apoio social. Palavras-chave: depressão pós-parto; prevalência; fatores de risco; hospital público; hospital privado.

This study used eye tracking to explore attention allocation to human and dog faces in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and typical development (TD). Significant differences were found among the three groups. TD participants looked longer at the eyes than ASD and ADHD ones, irrespective of the faces presented. In spite of this difference, groups were similar in that they looked more to the eyes than to the mouth areas of interest. The ADHD group gazed longer at the mouth region than the other groups. Furthermore, groups were also similar in that they looked more to the dog than to the human faces. The eye-tracking technology proved to be useful for behavioral investigation in different neurodevelopmental disorders.

Multiple pregnancies occur in humans and other primates, which indicate that the twinning propensity is phylogenetically old. Factors such as decreased sexual dimorphism and size, rich and diverse nutrition and paternal care are related to multiple pregnancies in other animals. In human populations, despite its costs, twinning has a genetic basis and in Europe, Africa, and America, it was found that it increases mothers' fitness. Here, we explore the hypothesis that twinning represents an evolved physiological mechanism, particularly in mothers of higher age, as an 'all-or-nothing' last chance strategy for reproduction just before menopause. We present decade-long, large-scale population data about maternities from the city of São Paulo and the entire country of Brazil that indicate a considerable main effect of advanced age in promoting twinning, particularly dizygotic (DZ) twinning, but also monozygotic (MZ) twinning and higher order maternities. We also show that socioeconomic status is an important contextual factor increasing twinning. Besides the theoretical implications, these datasets establish a Brazilian countrywide twinning rate of 9.39‰ and highlight an increasing historical trend. This chapter promotes the importance of integrating proximate patterns from human and nonhuman animals and evolutionary factors in order to reach a comprehensive view about twinning.

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The University of São Paulo Twin Panel (Painel USP de Gêmeos), based at the Institute of Psychology of the University of São Paulo, started formally in 2017. Our registry is new, but in only two years of formal existence, it comprises a volunteer sample of 4826 registered individuals (98% twins and 2% higher-order multiples), recruited at the University of São Paulo and by social media campaigns. Our main aim is to conduct and promote research with twins on psychological processes and behavior. The University of São Paulo is the largest higher education and research institution in South America, and the Painel USP de Gêmeos has great potential for fostering research on twin-related issues from a psychological perspective in Brazil and South America.