OBJECTIVE:This study was designed to find out how socioeconomic, cultural, educational and religious factors play a role in causation of RTI/STD. STUDY DESIGN: This study was conducted at Gynae, OPD of Dist. Hospital Samba, Jammu, J&K. 200 patients coming for infertility checkup and treatment between Feb. 2013 to Jan. 2014 were included in the study. It was an observational cross -sectional study. A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was administered which included information about demographic, socioeconomic profile, menstrual and sexual practices, obstetrics treatment and family history. Complaints suggestive of RTI/STI were noted. RESULTS: Maximum incidence of RTI/STI was observed in the age group 25 -30 years. RTI/STI was more in illiterate patients (64) as compared to literate patients (53 %). A negative correlation between income and prevalence of RTI was found. Prevalence of RTI was slightly more in patients from joint families (67%) as compared to women from nuclear families (33%). Similarly people living in Kutcha houses showed more prevalence of RTI (66%) as compared to pucca houses (48%). Correlation between RTI and housing was not significant (p > 0.005). Tap water supplied residents showed less prevalence of RTI 50% as compared to hand pump using residents 65%, however, correlation was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The incidence of RTI was 54% in daily bathers and among irregular bathers, the incidence was 66%. The prevalence of RTI was 54%in regular wearers of underwear whereas in irregular wearers the prevalence was 75%. Genital hygiene correlation, the prevalence of RTI in pad users was 42.8% whereas the prevalence in non -pad users was 61%. There was statistically significant correlation between the use of rag during menses and the prevalence of RTI. RTI was more prevalent (64.8%) in women sharing toilets with others while same was 45.6% in women among having separate toilet facilities. CONCLUSION: RTI/STI is increasing worldwide. HIV and RTI/STI share the same mode of transmission and the persons suffering from STI/RTI practice the risk behavior which increases the probability of acquiring HIV. There is great need to develop strategies for awareness generation and management of these diseases.

BACKGROUNDCarcinoma breast is a heterogenous disorder with varying clinical course and survival rates in same grade and stage of patients. Therefore, there is a need of classification system of carcinoma breast wherein the patients with similar clinical course and survival rates can be clubbed together in a subgroup. Molecular classification divides carcinoma into four categories based on ER/PR/HER-2/neu expression: ER+ and⁄or PR+ and HER-2/neu− (Luminal A), ER+ and⁄or PR+ and HER-2/neu+ (Luminal B), ER− and⁄or PR− and HER-2/neu+ (HER-2/neu overexpressing), ER−, PR− and HER-2/neu− (Triple negative/Basal like). This classification has prognostic and predictive value and allows personalised, molecular targeted therapy. There is a geographical difference in the prevalence of these molecular subtypes, similar to the incidence of carcinoma breast.The aim of our study is to classify and define precisely the prevalence of molecular subtypes of carcinoma breast in our population using ER, PR and HER-2/neu immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks and to correlate these subtypes with histological and clinical features. The objective of our study is to evaluate the prevalence of molecular subtypes of carcinoma breast in our Population. MATERIALS AND METHODSIt was an observational study wherein all cases of carcinoma breast from January 2010 to Dec. 2016 were retrieved, reviewed, graded and staged according to the 2003 WHO histological classification of breast tumours. Immunohistochemistry was for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2/neu was done in those cases where there was clinical requisition. Statistical analysis and correlation among categorical variables in the univariate analysis were determined using the Pearson-ChiSquare test. Significance was assumed at p -value less than 0.05. RESULTS Of total 40 cases, ER CONCLUSIONThe carcinoma breast is a heterogenous disorder clinically, morphologically and molecularly. Increasing number of molecular subtypes are being described which have prognostic and predictive value. Thus, emerging evidence shows promise that traditional classification of carcinoma breast can be supplemented with molecular classification for specialised, personalised and molecular targeted therapy. KEYWORDSCarcinoma Breast, Molecular Classification, Immunohistochemistry, Oestrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, HER-2/neu. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Atri SK, Rana VM, Rana M, et al. Prevalence of molecular subtypes of carcinoma of breast-A study from North India. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2017;6(89):6204-6207, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2017/1349 BACKGROUND Carcinoma breast is the most common malignant neoplasm in females and second most common malignant neoplasm worldwide. 1 The incidence of carcinoma breast is progressively increasing over last decades 2,3 and especially in India where carcinoma breast is now most common malignant neoplasm 'Financial or Other Competing Interest': None. Submission 07-10-2017, Peer Review 31-10-2017, Acceptance 03...

BACKGROUND Transurethral resection of prostate and prostatic biopsies are very common specimens in surgical pathology. Prostatic biopsies are done in cases where there is clinical suspicion of malignancy. These specimens have to be thoroughly examined to avoid false negative diagnosis of adenocarcinoma prostate. Morphological lesions in benign nodular hyperplasia that mimic adenocarcinoma can be broadly divided into those that mimic low-grade adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade ≤ 3) and those that mimic high-grade tumours. Non-neoplastic lesions which are to be distinguished from adenocarcinoma prostate are atrophy including partial atrophy, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (adenosis), crowded benign glands, sclerosing adenosis, radiation atypia in benign glands, basal cell hyperplasia, clear cell hyperplasia, cribriform hyperplasia, non-specific granulomatous prostatitis, dense inflammation and malakoplakia, Signet ring-like change in non-epithelial cells, prostatic xanthoma and paraganglia. The aims of this study is to evaluate the spectrum of histomorphological lesions in benign nodular hyperplasia and to review the histomorphological features in cancer mimickers and how to distinguish them from adenocarcinoma prostate. The objective of this study is to evaluate and review the different cancer mimickers in benign nodular hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS It is a descriptive study from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2014; 221 cases were identified in this period. All these cases were reviewed and incidence of various non-neoplastic lesions was evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 10.0 for Windows student version (SPSS Inc., 233 South Wacker Drive, 11 th Floor, Chicago, IL 60606-6412). RESULTS Age of the patients ranged from 38 to 103 years. Common clinical presentation was obstructive symptoms (71.1%) and irritative symptoms (28.9%). Of the total 221 specimens, 203 were TURP specimens and 18 were open prostatectomy specimens. Incidence of various lesions was glandulostromal hyperplasia: 97.

BACKGROUNDLow grade non-muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma is associated with repeated recurrences and progression to high grade tumour. Non-muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma is associated with poor oncological outcome. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the expression of HER-2 oncoprotein in transitional cell carcinoma and further to evaluate whether expression of this oncoprotein has relation with grade of tumour and invasion of muscle.The objective of this study is to evaluate the expression of HER-2 protein in low grade, high grade and muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma using immunohistochemistry.

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