The flower pollination algorithm is nature-inspired in which it mimics the pollination process of the flowers. In this study, the cost of the cantilever retaining wall is optimized, which includes the cost of concrete and the cost of reinforcement steel. The eight design variables define the geometry of the RC wall. The external stability and structural stability are considered as constraints. Overturning, sliding, eccentricity, and bearing are considered external constraints. The structural stability constraints are shear and moment failure of toe slab, heel slab, and stem. The fitness function is developed using a static exterior penalty. The study found that the FPA outperforms the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ) in this design problem without violating any constraints. An analysis of sensitivity is carried out for the angle of internal friction of backfill soil and the angle of backfill slope. Results show that the total cost rapidly increases after 5 m height of backfill but significantly decreases with the internal friction angle of backfill increases. For backfill heights from 6 to 10 m, the change in cost is significant after the value of the inclination angle of 15°.

Harmony search Algorithm (HSA) is mostly preferred for solving optimization problems and gives optimum solution of the problems. . It is based on improvisation of harmony in music process where musicians improvise their instruments' pitch by searching for a aesthetically pleasant harmony. As the musicians in improvisation process try to find the best harmony in terms of aesthetics, the decision variables in optimization process try to be the best solution in terms of objective function. In the present work, the harmony search method is studied with an attempt to use it to solve various structural optimization problems. Harmony search can be more effective than some of the optimization available right now like genetic algorithms, particle swarm algorithm, ant colony algorithm, gravity search algorithm etc. The programming language used in this work is Visual Basic-macro excel. The programs for harmony search algorithm is developed in macro and their reliability is checked by verifying it with various mathematical optimization problems.

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This paper highlights the concept of a ground-mounted solar PV plant. It deals with the ground-mounted solar photovoltaic design, and development using numerical analysis under static and dynamic conditions. Ground-mounted solar components are made up of steel shows superior performance and is cost-effective. CFD analysis is executed on the structure of the study for flow and assessment of wind pressure on the developed model using Indian environmental conditions. The CFD results have been compared and validated h the analytical calculations obtained through IS 875 codes part 3 for wind pressure. Structural FE analysis is carried out to ensure structural stability for the given hazardous environmental conditions like wind load. Also, modal analysis is carried out to study the effect of dynamic loading.

In this paper a research work done to optimize the truss structure using modified ABC algorithm. Three test problem were conducted to verify that the modified ABC algorithm is effective in optimizing. MATLAB software used in this work. The result obtained by modified ABC algorithm is compared with other optimization method. The result shows that modified ABC algorithm gives result as good as other methods.