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The flower pollination algorithm is nature-inspired in which it mimics the pollination process of the flowers. In this study, the cost of the cantilever retaining wall is optimized, which includes the cost of concrete and the cost of reinforcement steel. The eight design variables define the geometry of the RC wall. The external stability and structural stability are considered as constraints. Overturning, sliding, eccentricity, and bearing are considered external constraints. The structural stability constraints are shear and moment failure of toe slab, heel slab, and stem. The fitness function is developed using a static exterior penalty. The study found that the FPA outperforms the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ) in this design problem without violating any constraints. An analysis of sensitivity is carried out for the angle of internal friction of backfill soil and the angle of backfill slope. Results show that the total cost rapidly increases after 5 m height of backfill but significantly decreases with the internal friction angle of backfill increases. For backfill heights from 6 to 10 m, the change in cost is significant after the value of the inclination angle of 15°.

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A staggered Truss System (STS) is a prospective steel structure system for high-rise buildings and a steel staggered truss framing system is one of the effective design techniques to improve the efficiency in building construction. Besides, cost reductions arise from a reduction in steel tonnage. The purpose of this study is to carry out a comparative analysis of staggered truss systems with and without a shear wall for 8, 9, and 10-storey buildings using the ETAB software. In this analysis, time histories are used. For the analysis, these structures are modeled in ETABS software and various displacement data are achieved for different types of structures. After analysis of the models, some outcomes were observed and it was concluded that the staggered truss system with the shear wall has lower displacement values compare to the staggered truss system in the x and y-direction. In the y-direction, displacement was 64% to 85% less and in the x-direction, it was 3% to 62% less than the conventional staggered truss system. So, after analyzing the data it was concluded that a staggered truss system with the shear wall is more efficient than the staggered truss system.

This paper includes the study of behavior of a single degree of freedom system with viscous dampers subjected to harmonic excitation. In this study one story building is considered. The mathematical model of building subjected to harmonic excitation is obtained and its solution is obtained by state space method. The viscous damper is considered for the building with different percentage of damping. The response of building under resonance and non-resonance condition is obtained and it is observed that it can be significantly reduced by installing viscous damper. It is further observed that the linear viscous damper is more effective in reducing the responses for resonance case.