Nanomaterials are endowed with unique features and essential properties suitable for employing in the field of nanomedicine. The nanomaterials can be classified as 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D based on their dimensions. The nanomaterials can be malleable and ductile and they can be drawn into wires and sheets. Examples of nanomaterials are quantum dots (0D), nanorods, nanowires (1D), nanosheets (2D), and nanocubes (3D). These nanomaterials can be synthesized using top-down and bottom-up approaches. The achievements of 0D and 1D nanomaterials are used to detect trace heavy metal (e.g., Pb2+) and have higher sensitivity with the order of five as compared to conventional sensors. The achievements of 2D and 3D nanomaterials are used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents with multifunctional ability in imaging systems such as PET, SPECT, etc. These imaging modalities can be used to track the drug in living tissues. This review comprises the state-of-the-art of the different dimensions of the nanomaterials employed in theranostics. The nanomaterials with different dimensions have unique physicochemical properties that can be utilized for therapy and diagnosis. The multifunctional ability of the nanomaterials can have a distinct advantage that is used in the field of theranostics. Different dimensions of the nanomaterials would have more scope in the field of nanomedicine.

Understanding the charge storage mechanism of MnCO3 is essential to improve its capacitance performance. Herein, we report the charge storage mechanism of MnCO3 in aqueous Na2SO4 and Mg(ClO4)2 electrolytes studied systematically by using ex‐situ X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Theoretical specific capacitance of MnCO3.H2O in the potential window of 0.1 to 1.0 V is 806 F g−1, however, it delivers a specific capacitance value of only 95 and 66 F g−1 in 0.1 M Mg(ClO4)2 and 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolytes, respectively, which suggests that only a limited fraction of MnCO3 is participating in the charge storage. The ex‐situ X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies reveal that the insertion and extraction of Mg2+‐ions into/from MnCO3 accompanied by redox reaction between Mn2+ and Mn1+ during charge/discharge are reversible and do not result in phase transformation in aqueous 0.1 M Mg(ClO4)2 electrolyte. In contrast, lattice expansion and contraction by insertion and extraction of Na+‐ions into/from MnCO3 result in a gradual transformation of MnCO3 into α‐MnO2 in aqueous 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte.

The discovery of novel therapies is required due to the stark rise in microbial resistance to currently available conventional antibiotics, which poses a significant obstacle to the effective management of infectious diseases. Nanomaterials between 1 and 100 nm in size have recently become effective antibacterial agents. In particular, several classes of antimicrobial nanomaterials and nanosized carriers for antibiotic delivery have demonstrated their efficacy for treating infectious diseases, including antibiotic-resistant ones, in vitro and in animal models. Because of their high surface area-to-volume ratios, these materials can provide better therapy than conventional drugs and have new mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical, magnetic, electro-optical, and magneto-optical properties. So, nanoparticles have been proven to be fascinating in the fight against bacteria. In this chapter, we will go into detail about the various characteristics of microorganisms and how they differ across each strain. The toxicity mechanisms change depending on the stain. Even the effectiveness of nanomaterials to treat different bacteria and their defence mechanisms varies depending on strains, particularly the composition of cell walls, the makeup of the enzymes, and other factors. As a result, a perspective on nanomaterials in the microbial world, a method to combat drug resistance by tagging antibiotics in nanomaterials, as well as predictions for their future in science.

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