Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Applications in Theranostics

Abstract

Nanomaterials are endowed with unique features and essential properties suitable for employing in the field of nanomedicine. The nanomaterials can be classified as 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D based on their dimensions. The nanomaterials can be malleable and ductile and they can be drawn into wires and sheets. Examples of nanomaterials are quantum dots (0D), nanorods, nanowires (1D), nanosheets (2D), and nanocubes (3D). These nanomaterials can be synthesized using top-down and bottom-up approaches. The achievements of 0D and 1D nanomaterials are used to detect trace heavy metal (e.g., Pb2+) and have higher sensitivity with the order of five as compared to conventional sensors. The achievements of 2D and 3D nanomaterials are used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents with multifunctional ability in imaging systems such as PET, SPECT, etc. These imaging modalities can be used to track the drug in living tissues. This review comprises the state-of-the-art of the different dimensions of the nanomaterials employed in theranostics. The nanomaterials with different dimensions have unique physicochemical properties that can be utilized for therapy and diagnosis. The multifunctional ability of the nanomaterials can have a distinct advantage that is used in the field of theranostics. Different dimensions of the nanomaterials would have more scope in the field of nanomedicine.

Recent Advances in Plant-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Their Significant Biomedical Properties

“…Furthermore, these compounds not only facilitate the biological reduction of ions to nanoscale sizes, but also facilitate the capping of nanoparticles, which are necessary for the stability and biocompatibility of nanoparticles [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. The top-down approach can be implemented in several ways such as laser ablation, chemical etching, sputtering, mechanical milling, and so on [ 34 ]. In addition to biological techniques, non-biological techniques are also included in the bottom-up strategy, such as spinning, laser pyrolysis, flame spraying, and atomic condensation have been mentioned.…”

Recent Advances in Silver Nanoparticles Containing Nanofibers for Chronic Wound Management

“…Physically breaking down a large complex into smaller parts is a critical component of the top-down strategy. Physical and mechanical procedures such as UV irradiation, lithography, laser ablation, ultrasonic sounds, and photochemical reduction create a strong energy/force to compress the macromolecule into nanoparticles [ 95 ]. The physical reduction procedures generally have quick processing durations, yielding AgNPs with a restricted size distribution range.…”

A Review on Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Nanofabrication, Characterization and Applications

“…The structure of free-standing 3D nanomaterials could be based on the forms of rods, cubes, spheres, porous spheres, foams, hierarchical dendrites, cross-linked nanorods, etc. Nano-cubes, fullerenes, dendrimers, and nanocages are some popular examples of 3D nanomaterials [ 37 ]. The dimensions of 3D nanomaterials can be beyond nanoscale, but they are not really the same with bulk materials.…”