Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. Clinical manifestations are diverse including hyperandrogenism, anovulation, infertility and increased risk of metabolic diseases besides psychosocial dysfunction. This review provides information on the problem of PCOS in India, its pathophysiology, genetics and an overview of current management options to instigate further research in this field. Prevalence of PCOS in India ranges from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent depending on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. Abnormalities in leptin-adiponectin (adipocyte biology), oxidative stress and autoimmunity are among the mechanisms studied regarding pathogenesis of PCOS. Many candidate gene studies have shown associations with PCOS in various studies. Studies have consistently demonstrated the relationship between the well-known manifestation of hyperandrogenism among Indian PCOS women and the metabolic morbidities including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and cardiovascular risk. Management of individual components of PCOS can be achieved by medications or surgical methods, though further clarification regarding pathogenesis of PCOS is needed to sharpen our therapeutic armamentarium.

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Vasculitis of medium- and large-sized arteries is an inflammatory and stenotic disease characterized by a strong predilection for the aortic arch and its branches. It presents with symptoms and signs as per the vessels and organs involved. Pulmonary sequestration is a rare abnormality characterized by a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue that receives its vascular supply from a systemic artery and is separated from the normal tracheobronchial tree. The following is a rare case report showing the presence of pulmonary sequestration in a patient with recently diagnosed hypertension and intestinal angina due to medium and large vessel vasculitis.

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