No abstract

Willingness to get a vaccine was important during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies suggest that vaccine hesitation during the pandemic could have been related to truth discernment, belief in information, exposure to misinformation, attitudes to vaccines, and conspiracy beliefs. Previous studies were mostly with younger adults, and studies with older adults are lacking. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the trust or belief in fake online news (print news was not included), truth discernment, attitudes, and willingness to be vaccinated during the COVID-19 pandemic while controlling for some significant factors/variables that could affect vaccination in a sample of older adults. There were 504 pre-retirees and retirees participating in this study. Participants from Lithuania age ranged from 50 to 90 years old (M = 64.37, SD = 9.10), 58.3 percent were females. Results from several path models predicting the participants willingness to get a vaccine suggested that stronger conspiracy beliefs and skeptical attitudes toward vaccination would be related to lower willingness to get vaccinated. Participants who disbelieved in the headlines were already vaccinated. Therefore, it seems that discernment (the ability to distinguish which information is true and which is not) is not related to the willingness to vaccinate.

Sutelktumas, pasitikėjimas komanda, patiriamas stresas bei suvoktas Aš ir kolektyvinis efektyvumas laikomi svarbiais komandų veiklos efektyvumo veiksniais. Vis dėlto nėra aišku, kokia šių veiksnių tarpusavio sąveikos kryptis ir kokia jų reikšmė prognozuojant karinių komandų veiklos efektyvumą. Apklausus 160 profesinės karo tarnybos karių, kurie priklausė 28 komandoms (skyriams), nustatyta, kad didesnis komandos sutelktumas, pasitikėjimas ja, suvoktas Aš ir kolektyvinis efektyvumas yra susiję su didesniu komandos veiklos efektyvumu. Atlikta kelių analizė parodė, jog komandos sutelktumas ir pasitikėjimas ja numato veiklos efektyvumą per tarpinį kintamąjį – suvoktą kolektyvinį efektyvumą. Suvoktas Aš efektyvumas su komandos veiklos efektyvumu taip pat susijęs ne tiesiogiai, o per suvoktą kolektyvinį efektyvumą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: karinės komandos, sutelktumas, pasitikėjimas komanda, suvoktas Aš ir kolektyvinis efektyvumas. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN COHESION, TEAM TRUST, PERCEIVED SELF AND COLLECTIVE EFFICACY, STRESS AND PERFORMANCE EFFICACY IN MILITARY TEAMSVita MikuličiūtėSummaryEven though it is usually inferred that team work is associated with positive findings (higher engagement in organizational matters, higher satisfaction with work, better performance results), this is not always true. In some occasions, team work results in poor performance outcomes because of social loafing or interpersonal conflicts. Therefore, it is important to know what psychological factors of the team determine its performance. We indicate that the main factors clearly associated with performance results are team trust, cohesion, stress, perceived self- and collective efficacy. Even though a lot of empirical studies have been made, there is still a lack of information about the interaction between these variables and the way they contribute to performance results. Besides, usually short-term artificially composed teams are under the scope of researchers. That’s why the results do not fully reflect the essence of long-term teams functioning in real-life situations. In respect to the problems mentioned above, we raised the aim of this research: to investigate the interaction between performance results and team trust, cohesion, stress, perceived collective and self-efficacy in military settings. A hypothetical model in which team trust influences cohesion and the collective efficacy acts as a mediating variable between cohesion and performance results was created. The hypothetical model has also stated that self- and collective efficacy are associated with performance results not directly, but through the perceived stress.In this research, 160 military men of professional service took part. Of them 94.4% (151) were males and 3.8% (6) females. The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 37, mean 24.6 years. The participants belonged to 28 teams (military sections) and were selected based on the information about their team functioning. Only the teams in which their members were constantly working together were included in the research. Aggregated results were used in the statistical analysis. For the purpose of the research, three questionnaires were developed: the Military Stress Questionnaire (Cronbach α = 0.92), the Questionnaire of the Perceived Military Collective Efficacy (Cronbach α = 0.93), the Questionnaire of the Perceived Military Self-efficacy (Cronbach α = 0.94). Two scales used in this research were developed by other authors: the Intrateam Trust Scale (DeJong and Elfring, 2010; Cronbach α = 0.88) and The Perceived Cohesion Scale (Bollen and Hoyle, 1990; Cronbach α = 0.85). Team performance results were based on the evaluations of the field training.The results indicate that almost all variables of our research are intercorrelated at a statistically significant level. Performance results positively correlate with the perceived self- and collective efficacy, team trust and team cohesion. No statistically significant correlation was found between stress and performance results. Besides, a high correlation between cohesion and team trust was revealed, which indicates the multicollinearity problem between these two variables. Cohesion and team trust were united, and a hypothetical model was developed using the path analysis. It shows that cohesion and team trust influences performance results not directly: the perceived collective efficacy acts as a mediating variable. Besides, self-efficacy influences the perceived collective efficacy, and the collective efficacy influences the stress level. Several important conclusions from the obtained results could be made. First, a high collective efficacy can diminish military stress and thus act as a protective factor against the formation of PTSD and other psychopathologies. Secondly, the perceived collective efficacy is the only variable that influences the performance results directly. In order to improve the results of the team, it is important to monitor and raise the levels of collective efficacy. Thirdly, cohesion and team trust have important implications not only for the perceived team capabilities, but also for the perceived one’s own capabilities.Key words: military teams, cohesion, team trust, perceived self and collective efficacy.

This article aims to evaluate 5 Beck scales – Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale (BSS), and Clark–Beck Obsession-Compulsion Inventory (CBOCI) – comparing clinical and normative samples, and to determine clinically relevant cutoffs. The clinical sample consisted of 242 persons aged 18–74; 39 percent were men and 61 percent were women. The normative sample consisted of 1296 persons aged 18–95; 44 percent were men and 56 percent were women. In order to compare the estimates of the normative and clinical samples of the Beck scales, a paired data study sample was formed – 230 participants from the clinical and normative groups each. The clinical sample was divided into four groups according to the primary diagnoses: 107 (46.5%) patients were diagnosed with mood (affective) disorder (F30–F39), 38 (16.5%) with neurophysical stress and somatoform disorders (F40–F49), 51 (22.2%) with disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances (F10–F19), 34 (14.8%) with high risk of suicide (X60–X84; Z91.5; R45.81). 27 percent of patients had comorbid diagnoses. The results show high internal consistency of the Beck scales in all samples. The discrimination abilities of all five Beck scales are good; the cutoffs for each Beck scale in four clinical groups are estimated. Both the total clinical sample and the 4 clinical sample groups had significantly higher BDI-II, BAI, BHS, BSS, and CBOCI scores than the normative sample. In conclusion, the Beck scales alone are not sufficient for making a decision about the clinical diagnosis.

Straipsnyje 1 analizuojamas teisėjų (n = 171) ir įvairaus amžiaus visuomenės grupių atstovų (n = 1186) suvokto teisėjų ir teismų įvaizdžio (tam tikrų jo aspektų) pobūdis, panašumai ir skirtumai, taip pat teisėjų ir teismų įvaizdžio, tiriamųjų sukauptos patirties bei sociodemografinių charakteristikų sąsajos. The article examines the character, similarities and differences of the image (separate it's aspects) of judges and courts perceived by judges (n = 171) and general public representing different age groups (n = 1186), as well as the relationships among the image of judges and courts, experience accumulated by participants, and socio-demographic characteristics. Įvadas Organizacijos ar institucijos įvaizdis yra dažnas įvairių disciplinų (pvz., organizacinės psichologijos, marketingo, vadybos, komunikacijos) tyrimų objektas, turintis jau daugiau kaip pusės amžiaus tyrimų istoriją-jį įvairūs autoriai pradėjo tirti dar šeštame praėjusio amžiaus dešimtmetyje 2. Kita vertus,