Steatosis is an often detected pathology in cows. Due to hypertension, the load on the urinary system increases, which is accompanied by kidney damage. Often in cows with steatosis, necritis, pyelitis and kidney dystrophy are detected at autopsy. The goal of this study was to determine the characteristic features of kidney damage in cows with steatosis and to identify alterations in blood biochemistry. In 2018, a histological study was carried out on 7 samples of cow liver and kidneys with signs of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). Observed pathological changes in the liver in the form of fatty degeneration, as well as a decrease in the content of glycogen in hepatocytes were recorded. The livers had a girder structure, moderately full. The sinusoids of the liver and Disse space were moderately dilated. Portal tracts had a typical histological structure; hepatic triads, represented by an interlobular artery, vein, and bile duct, were detected in the stroma. Schiff-iodic acid by MacManus stain showed decrease or absence of glycogen in the samples. The use of the same staining protocol showed positive staining of the reticular fibers of the interstitial kidney tissue. In the kidneys, hyaline droplet epithelium of the tubule, accumulation of hyaline-like substance in the spaces between the capsule and the vascular glomerulus, and development of fibrosing interstitial glomerulonephritis were noted. Biochemical analysis of blood showed normal levels of creatinine (68.5±2.7 μmol/L), and urea (6.6±0.3 mmol/L), and reduced concentration of albumin to 23.2±0.9%. Liver function parameters were elevated: total bilirubin (28.1±1.9 μmol/L), total protein (89.3±3.4 g/L), gamma-glutamyltransferase (131.9±18.0 IU/L). Urine analysis demonstrated proteinuria and hematuria.

This work examines how the postpartum suppression of ovulatory function in dairy cows is linked to their serum hormonal and cytokine profile. The concentrations of progesterone (P 4 ), estradiol-17β (E 2 ), testosterone (T) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in blood was determined via enzyme immunoassay. Serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), insulin-like factor (IGF-1) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) were measured using Bovine Elisa kits (Cloud-Clone Corp., USA). The animals were divided into two groups: cows with a normal pattern of reproductive cyclicity resumption; cows with the suppressed function of the ovaries. It was found that cows with ovarian hypofunction had problems with the conversion of DHEAS into testosterone and estradiol-17β. There was no pre-ovulatory surge of estrogen in such cows. They also had lower hormone levels. The levels of DHEAS were lower by 22.8 to 25.0%. Meantime, the levels of estradiol-17β were lower by 27.3 to 55.6%, and the levels of testosterone were lower by 15.4 to 50.0%. Levels of TNF α in cows with ovarian hypofunction were 1.43 to 2.07 times higher compared with controls. TNF α stimulated the production of IL-1β, causing its serum concentrations to increase by 1.24 to 2.48 times. Meanwhile, the serum levels of IGF in cows with ovarian hypofunction were 1.58 to 2.65 times lower, indicating a decreased hormone-producing function of the gonads and a decline in insulin production. Serum AMH concentration in such cows was 1.20 to 1.92 times lower the first 2 months after calving, indicating that reproductive cycles were abnormal and that no mature follicles were present.

Формирование беременности и развитие эмбриона и плода у коров обеспечивается согласованным действием стероидных и пептидных гормонов и интерферонов. К особому классу последних относится интерферон-tau (INFT), синтезируемый трофобластными клетками эмбриона. INFT ответствен за сохранение прогестеронсинтезирующей функции желтого тела яичника и имплантацию эмбриона. В настоящей работе мы впервые показали патогенетическую значимость INFT в нарушении эмбрионального развития и оценили биологическую и клиническую эффективность бычьего рекомбинантного INFT при его назначении коровам после искусственного осеменения. Нашей целью было изучение динамики содержания в крови у коров интеферона-tau и прогестерона (P 4) в ранний период гестации и выявление возможностей использования бычьего рекомбинантного INFT в качестве средства профилактики эмбриональных потерь и повышения результативности осеменения. Рекомбинантный INFT был получен в Белорусском государственном университете. Исследования выполняли в 2017 году в условиях ООО «СП Вязноватовка» (Нижнедевицкий р-н, Воронежская обл.) на коровах (Bos taurus taurus) черно-пестрой породы (105 гол.) 4-7-летнего возраста. Содержание INFT и P 4 определяли на 7-е, 14-е, 21-е и 35-е сут после искусственного осеменения при физиологическом формировании эмбриона (n = 15) и при его гибели (n = 3) методом ИФА с использованием тест-систем Bovine Interferon-Tau Elisa Kit (США) и Иммуно-Фа-ПГ (Россия). Чувствительность анализа INFT составляла 2,9 пг/мл, Р 4-0,4 нмоль/л. Одновременно в крови коров определяли фагоцитарную активность лейкоцитов, содержание сывороточных иммуноглобулинов и бактерицидную активность сыворотки крови (БАСК). О наличии или отсутствии эмбриона в матке судили по концентрации в сыворотке прогестерона на 21-е и 35-е сут и на основании двукратного УЗИ на 35-е и 50-е сут. Эффективность разных доз и схем применения рекомбинантного интерферона для повышения результативности осеменения и профилактики синдрома задержания развития оценивали на 87 коровах. Препарат INFT вводили парэнтерально 1-, 3-и 5-кратно в дозах по 5 и 10 мл с 12-х по 16-е сут после осеменения. В качестве контроля использовали группу интактных животных и группу с введением пролонгированного препарата прогестерона-прогестамага. С 7-х по 14-е сут формирования эмбриона концентрация INFT в сыворотке крови коров возросла на 23,2 %, а к 35-м сут снизилась на 30,8 %, содержание P 4 увеличилось в 32 раза. При гибели эмбриона концентрация INFT на 14-е сут была ниже на 7,7 %, а на 35-е сут-на 25,2 %. Количество P 4 оказалось ниже на 21-е сут на 26,5 %, на 35-е сут-в 9,3 раза. Это дает основание заключить, что гипоинтерферонемия и сопутствующая ей гипопрогестеронемия становятся одними из причин задержки развития и гибели эмбрионов на ранних этапах беременности. Оптимальным режимом назначения рекомбинантного INFT для формирования беременности у коров было 3-кратное парэнтеральное введение в дозе 5 мл на 12-е, 14-е и 16-е сут после осеменения. Результативность осеменения в сравнении с интактными животными повысилась с 38,9 до 7...

The aim of the research was to assess the state of the hormonal and cytokine blood profiles of Holstein dairy cows during the early period of gestation with physiological formation of the embryo, its intrauterine growth restriction and death, clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms of these embryopathologies development and identify the efficacy of their prevention using recombinant bovine INFT. The dynamics of serum concentration of P4, cortisol (F) and cytokines: INFT, interleukin IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interferon-γ (INF-γ) at the physiological formation of the embryo (n = 9), its growth restriction (n = 9) and death (n = 8) were studied. The blood samples were obtained on the day of artificial insemination, during early blastogenesis (days 8–9), implantation of the embryo (days 15–16), the formation of primary genital organs (days 32–33), and at the end of the embryonic period of development (days 60–65). In cows with intrauterine growth restriction and embryonic death, serum concentration of P4, compared with the cows demonstrating their physiological formation, was lower by 14.0–30.1%, F - by 11.2–35.5%, INFT - by 21.0–37.7% when the content of IL-2 was exceeded by 46.5–310.5%, TNFα - by 11.7–36.2%, INF-γ - by 58.0–296.0%. A statistically significant positive correlative relationship between the content of INFT, P4, F and a negative one with the indices of the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines was found. Violation of the hormonal-cytokine balance in the organisms of fertilized animals is a universal pathogenetic mechanism for the development of early embryopathies. Injections of recombinant bovine INFT to inseminated cows during the pre- and implantation periods increased the level of progesterone production and reduced the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. The efficacy of insemination of cows increased by 1.96 times, the manifestation of fetal/embryonic intrauterine growth restriction syndrome decreased by 2.35 times in comparison with the control animals.