The purpose of this publication is to define the reasons for the inefficiency of the current demonstration formal rules governing healthcare activities and the reasons for the sustainability of the relevant formal rules. It is shown that the main reasons for the negative dynamics of the efficiency of formal rules in the healthcare sphere are the following: pressure on the part of individual interested groups, manipulation of public sentiments, and the spread of ineffective demonstration formal rules in the above named sphere. Unlike the demonstration formal rules observed in other areas of economic and public life, demonstration formal rules in the healthcare sphere are characterized not only by targeted, but also by significant transaction inefficiency. It is proved that numerous demonstration formal rules can not only reduce the efficiency of the medical system and slow down the pace of institutional reforms in the healthcare sphere, but also create conditions that pose a direct threat to human life and health. It is shown that, despite the symmetry of the costs associated with changing demonstration formal healthcare sphere regulations, the relevant demonstration formal rules can be preserved for a long time. The dynamics of ineffective demonstration formal rules in the healthcare sphere is determined by the lack of a request from society for further institutional reforms in the healthcare sphere. The latter is due to the low level of general education of the population, which does not allow society to assess the targeted and transaction inefficiency of demonstration formal rules, also to a small level of additional transaction costs of bureaucratic procedures of each individual demonstration formal rule. Measures to prevent the spread of ineffective demonstration formal rules in the healthcare sphere are proposed

It is shown that the repressive anti-corruption measures traditionally used to prevent the emergence and spread of corruption are ineffective due to a number of reasons. The main reason for the ineffectiveness of these measures is the failure to take into account the client’s motives when concluding a corruption agreement with a corrupt official. It was revealed that the direct cause of the emergence and spread of corruption is the inefficiency of the existing formal rules, which lead to an increase in the level of transaction costs of bureaucratic procedures and encourage the client to enter into a corruption agreement. As a result, the fight against corruption should be considered as an integral part of general institutional reforms. Achieving a noticeable reduction in the level of corruption in the country is possible due to the consistent implementation of reforms aimed at increasing the overall effectiveness of the current formal rules. The direct consequences of these reforms should be both the elimination of the incentives that prompt the client to enter into a corrupt deal, and the elimination of the official’s discretionary powers that enable him to provide corrupt services to his clients. It is shown that, under certain circumstances, the institutional reforms necessary for the country’s accession to the European integration processes can lead to an increase in the efficiency of the country’s institutional framework and have a positive impact on the dynamics of its level of corruption. Corresponding reforms can take place both by borrowing formal rules that have already managed to prove their effectiveness, and by increasing the effectiveness of existing non-borrowed formal rules. In both cases, a sustainable long-term reduction in the level of corruption in the country is possible only if positive dynamics of formal rules are ensured. It has been proven that in order to successfully reduce the level of corruption by increasing the efficiency of the institutional framework, the implantation of borrowed formal rules characterized by conditional inefficiency should occur only after the elimination of external factors of their inefficiency. The need to take into account the criteria for the expediency of reforming conditionally and unconditionally ineffective formal rules during the reformation of ineffective non-borrowed formal rules is substantiated.

One of the important tools for selling products is holding shares that stimulate the sales of certain groups of goods. Conducting promotional actions during the crisis period has acquired special significance for both producers and retailers. In the conditions of reduction of real incomes the population searches for ways of economy and more often tries to purchase items with discounts or on special offers. For the consumer, promo becomes a way to reduce the costs of everyday goods, and for suppliers -to increase sales. The article presents the results of research in the field of developing and implementing a policy of discounts.Discount is a key tool to stimulate sales, allowing you to take into account not only the interests of those to whom it is directly provided but also the impact of this step on the entire structure of the relationship in marketing.

This article considers the features of accounting for inter-market interactions of subjects in marketing strategic management of the development of the pharmaceutical industry. It is established that functionally, organizationally, technologically and marketing-oriented pharmaceutical market is closely connected with the processes of changes and functioning of subjects of related markets of the national economy. Theoretical research indicates the spread and application of systematic, integration, industry, situational, behavioural and marketing approaches to strategic management of an industry or its subjects today. It is proved that the strategic directions of development of the pharmaceutical market can be integration into the global market environment, access to cheap financial and investment resources, export of high-tech products, integration with related industries and their subjects. And the priority is the following marketing management development strategies, namely stabilization, intensive growth, integration development, diversification development, selectivity, market penetration, market development, followers and niches, differentiation, focus (concentration), service and image differentiation, and others depending on the type of products in this market. The formation and implementation of management development strategies should take into account trends in market functioning, economic relations, inter-market interactions of subjects, the level of cooperation and competition in relation to market subjects or related markets for the pharmaceutical industry: healthcare, spa, cosmetics, food, trade and physical culture and sports. The analytical study showed the differentiation of pharmaceutical products simultaneously in several markets, which explains the complexity of established economic relations and interactions for subjects of such markets, the diversity of such interactions, differentiation in terms of conditions, forms and methods of interaction of subjects of such markets. It is proved that the targets and directions of development of the pharmaceutical industry should be consistent with the capabilities and provision of all participants in market processes. Features of inter-market interactions of subjects are also manifested by the applied development strategies and marketing functional strategies of individual subjects of the pharmaceutical and related markets.

Population ageing is a demographic issue that emphasises the need to be interested in the lives of the most vulnerable population group: the elderly population. The paper investigates the ageing process and their relations among the European Union member countries from 2009 to 2019. These countries are assessed and dispersed to the appropriate clusters according to several indicators related to the areas that affect the lives of the elderly population: namely, the health status, the labour market conditions, and financial security. The focus is on the age group 55 years and over as it is a disadvantaged age group in the job application process regarding ageing society. It is a significant aspect of public finance system. The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, the Labour Force Survey, and the European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics data are involved. The quantitative approaches are applied in the cluster analysis and followed by the panel data linear regression analysis. The dendrograms visualise the three clusters representing the mutual relations and the ageing patterns among the explored countries. The heat maps are created to prove the potential relations among the observed countries. The panel regression model demonstrates that the three variables – part-time employment, the income inequality, and the material and social deprivation – are statistically significant in all the regression models for the whole area and the three clusters. The analytical outcome could be applied as a valuable resource to government and national representatives. It can help identify the objectionable determinants for a custom policy and implement appropriate measures to improve the situation of the elderly population.