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ABSTRACT Background: Obesity is a major risk factor for the onset of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) caused by chronic inflammation of the islets of langerhans. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) procedure increases particular hormone which stimulates insulin sensitivity. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can also exhibit potential immunomodulatory properties through their paracrine effects, however the mechanism regarding combination of them could not be adequately explained.  Aim: In this study, we explore the potential of sleeve gastrectomy followed by injection of MSCs in type 2 diabetic rats with obesity in improving insulin resistance. Methods: This study used a pre and post control group design with 18 rats that divided into 3 groups: control (C), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), sleeve gastrectomy + MSCs (SG+M). On day 10, the level of IL-6, IL-10 and HOMA-IR were evaluated using ELISA. Results:  This study showed a significant decrease of IL-6 level in all treatment groups on day 10, in which SG+M group showed optimum inhibition. This result was in line with the optimum increase of IL-10 in SG+M group. Moreover, our study also revealed the optimum decrease of HOMA-IR in SG+M group on day 10. Conclusion: Combination of SG and MSCs can optimally improve insulin resistance by modulating proinflammatory milieu though inhibiting IL-6 level and upregulating IL-10 level in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model.

Objectives: Polyphenols in Phaleria macrocarpa (mahkota dewa) can inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in receptor tyrosine kinases pathway. This can be recognized from the decrease of mitotic index as a response to malignant cells and the reduction of tumor development. This study aimed to determine whether P. macrocarpa may decrease the mitotic index and tumor diameter in epidermoid carcinoma. Methods: The experiment was conducted on 18 epidermoid carcinoma induced Swiss mice divided into four groups: Control, Phaleria administered (0.0715 mg [0.36 ml]/day), chemotherapy administered (paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 and cisplatin 50 mg/m2), and combination group. Tumor size diameter was measured before and after treatment in 9 weeks. Mitotic index was measured at the end of the treatment. Results: There were significant differences in the mitotic index and changes in tumor diameter among groups compared with the control group. The most significant growth inhibition and decrease in mitotic index were in group four. There was a significant positive correlation between tumor mitotic index and changes in tumor diameter (r=0.813). Conclusion: P. macrocarpa is able to decrease tumor cells’ mitotic index and inhibit epidermoid carcinoma’s tumor mass progression in Swiss mice.