The diets of two potential competitor species, Audouin's Larus audouinii and yellow-legged gulls Larus cachinnans, were examined while they bred at the Chafarinas Islands during 1993, 1994, and 1995. Data were collected during two commercial fishing regimes: (1) trawling and purse seine fisheries, and (2) diurnal trawlers only. Since the food supply for the gulls in this area was heavily reliant on the activity of purse seine fisheries, these contrasting situations allowed us to analyze short-term effects, induced by daily changes in food supply, on niche width, dietary shift, and niche overlap between the two species. Overall, both species relied mainly on fish for food, especially Clupeiforms, in the case of Audouin's gull irrespective of the fishing situation, and in the case of the yellow-legged gull, only when purse seine fishing was in operation. When purse seine boats did not operate (food shortage), yellow-legged gulls broadened their niche, consuming equal amounts of all the feeding resources, and they showed a dietary shift toward a greater consumption of prey from refuse tips. In contrast, Audouin's gulls did not change their niche width, but showed a slight dietary shift away from the consumption of epipelagic fish, compensated by an increase in reliance on benthic-mesopelagic resources. Niche overlap was clearly higher on days when both fishing fleets operated, probably because a superabundant food resource facilitates high overlap without affecting coexistence between the two species. Since our study was developed on the basis of daily variations in food supply, and competition effects are to be expected on a longer-term basis, these changes can be seen as the outcome of the coexistence of two species in stable competitive equilibrium.

SUMMARY: The impact of yellow-legged gulls on Audouin's gulls was studied by means of observations from a blind, at the Ebro Delta, the Chafarinas Islands and the Columbretes Islands colonies, during different stages of Audouin's Gulls breeding cycle. The rates of predation (upon eggs and chicks) and kleptoparasitism (aerial and on courtship and chick-feeding regurgitates) were recorded to evaluate this impact. Kleptoparasitism and predation rates recorded at the three colonies may be considered low when compared with similar studies dealing with other gull species. It seems that interactions did not represent a threat to the population dynamics of Audouin's Gulls in any of the three colonies. The highest rates of aerial kleptoparasitism, courtship feeding and chick mortality were recorded at the Columbretes Islands, and the lowest at the Ebro Delta. The ratio of the number of yellow-legged gulls to the number of Audouin's gulls seems to influence the rate of disturbances. Food availability was also likely to play an important role in the number of interactions, which increased when food was in shorter supply. The study at the Ebro Delta and Chafarinas Islands was restricted to some subcolonies and hence results may not be necessarily representative of the entire colonies. The existence of some yellow-legged gull individuals specialised as predators was recorded. Finally, we discuss the suitability of several conservation measures commonly applied in colonies where both species breed syntopically.Key words: kleptoparasitism, predation, disturbance, gulls, Columbretes, Chafarinas, Ebro Delta, conservation, seabirds. RESUMEN: CLEPTOPARASITISMO, MOLESTIAS Y DEPREDACIÓN POR PARTE DE LA GAVIOTA PATIAMARILLA SOBRE LA GAVIOTA DE AUDOUIN EN TRES COLONIAS DEL MEDITERRÁNEO OCCIDENTAL. -El impacto de la gaviota patiamarilla sobre la gaviota de Audouin se estudió desde un observatorio en las colonias del Delta del Ebro Delta, islas Chafarinas e islas Columbretes, durante diferentes fases del ciclo reproductor de la gaviota de Audouin. Las tasas de depredación (sobre huevos y pollos) y el cleptoparasitismo (aéreo y sobre cebas nupciales y cebas a pollos) fueron registrados para evaluar este impacto. Las tasas de cleptoparasitismo y depredación registradas en las tres colonias pueden considerarse bajas en comparación con estudios similares llevados a cabo con otras especies de gaviotas. Las interacciones no parecen representar una amenaza para la diná-mica poblacional de la gaviota de Audouin en ninguna de las tres colonias. Las tasas más altas de cleptoparasitismo sobre cebas nupciales, cleptoparasitismo aéreo y mortalidad de pollos se registraron en las islas Columbretes y las más bajas en el Delta del Ebro. La relación entre el número de gaviotas patiamarillas y el de gaviotas de Audouin pareció influir las tasas de molestias. La disponibilidad de alimento es probable que juegue también un papel importante en el número de interacciones, que aumentaron cuando el alimento fue más escaso. El estudio en el Delta del Ebro y las...

During the Audouin's Gull's breeding season at the Ebro Delta in 1993, 24 fresh eggs from eight three‐egg clutches (modal clutch‐size) were collected at the peak of the laying period. Eggs were processed to obtain formalin‐fixed yolks, which were halved and stained using the potassium dichromate method. Digitized images of the yolks were examined to assess the daily rates of yolk deposition. We used these data in combination with egg compositional analysis to build a model of energy demands during the formation of an average clutch in Audouin's Gull. To show how the different parameters of clutch formation affect the daily energy investment peak, we performed a simulation analysis in which the rapid yolk development (RYD) period, the follicle triggering interval (FTI), the laying interval (LI) and the albumen synthesis period (ASP) were allowed to vary simultaneously. In our sample, the mean RYD period was seven days with a range from six to eight days. There were no significant differences in yolk volume among eggs in a clutch, but albumen volume was significantly smaller in third eggs. According to our model the albumen synthesis of the a‐egg coincides with the energy demand peak for clutch formation. This peak represents an increase by ca. 42% in female energy requirements. Values obtained from the simulation analysis showed that only the ASP of the a‐egg and the RYD durations of the second and third follicles produced noticeable reductions in peak energy investment. We predict that in gulls, whose laying intervals seem to be kept constant, significant increases of the durations of the RYD periods of second and third eggs, or even significant reductions of yolk size of these eggs, may operate simultaneously to match the energy demands during clutch formation to the prevailing food conditions.

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