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Kontrola rizika i osiguranjeSažetak: Ostvarenje rizika zavisi, pre svega, od njegove prirode. Ali, rizik se može umnožavati, što otežava njegovu kontrolu. Kontrola rizika i mogućnost uticaja na njegovo ostvarenje predstavlja jedan od najsloženijih poslova, ne samo osiguravajućih društa-va, već i svih subjekata u jednom društvu. Naime, rizik uvek preti, bez obzira iz čega se sastoji i kada se i gde može ostvariti. No, rizik je najznačajnije posmatrati sa aspekta osiguravača, kojima je to osnovna delatnost (misli se na pokrivanje rizika), ali, značajno je posmatrati i zaštitu od rizika u okviru preduzeća, pravnih lica, uopšte.U ovom radu se govori o načinima kontrole rizika i načinima upravljanja rizikom, u okviru osiguravajućih društava, kao i u okviru drugih pravnih lica, koja zaštitu od rizika traže, pre svega, kod osiguravajućih društava, ali moraju defi nisati i drugemodele zaštite. Takođe, ovaj rad posvećuje pažnju i jednom od važnih akata kad je u pitanju kontrola rizika od strane osiguravača. Radi se o Direktivi EU br. 2009/138/EC, koja se naziva "Solventnost II" i čiji je cilj uvođenje sveobuhvatnog upravljanja rizikom u cilju zaštite osiguranika. Ono što predstavlja zaključak ovog rada, odnosi se na činjenicu, da se rizik može kontrolisati i da se zaštita ne sastoji samo u osiguranju, kao i u saosiguranju i reosiguranju, već i u prevenciji, odnosno, u preduzimanju mera za smanjenje mogućnosti ostvarenja rizika i smanjenja nastalih šteta.Ključne reči: rizik, kontrola, upravljanje, osiguranje, "Solventnost II", prevencija, šteta. Pregledni rad Datum prijema rada:12. maj 2012. Datum prihvatanja rada:17. juni 2012. 124GODIŠNJAK FAKULTETA PRAVNIH NAUKA • Godina 2 • Broj 2 • Banja Luka, jul 2012 • pp. 124-141 POJAM RIZIKAPojam rizika ima različita značenja. No, rizik je, pre svega, stanje neizesnosti, odnosno, on predstavlja budući neizvestan događaj, čijim ostvarenjem može nastati šteta ili korist 1 . Pojediniautori kažu da je rizik opasnost od nastanka privredno ili društveno štetnog događaja koji podrazumeva obavezu osiguravača da plati sumu osiguranja, u slučaju nastanka osiguranog slučaja, odnosno, štete, a što je utvrđeno uslovima osiguranja i zakonom. Autor ove defi nicije je napravio razliku između privredne i društvene štetnosti i naveo je da je privredna štetnost prisutna kod neživotnih osiguranja, a društvena kod ži-votnih 2 . Granica između ove dve vrste štetnosti je tanka i ne možemo da, na ovakav način, defi nišemo priustvo štetnosti u ovim vrstama osiguranja.Za defi nisanje rizika je bitno njegovo određivanje u vremenu i prostoru. Naime, statističkim proračunom može se utvrditi pravilnost pojavljivanja rizika u vremenu i prostoru. Ukoliko znamo kako je rizik raspoređen, lako ćemo defi nisati koji nivo zaštite moramo da preduzmemo. Prostorno i vremensko raspoređivanje rizika omogućava prostorno i vremensko izravnavanje rizika kod osiguravača, tj. stvaranje dovoljno sredstava koji će pokriti obaveze tog osiguravača u slučaju ostvarenja rizika. Kad govorimo o uslovima koji omogućavaju lakše pok...

Kvalifikaciju definišemo kao posebnu vrstu tumačenja kolizione norme, odnosno njenih elemenata, od koje zavisi određivanje merodavnog prava. U Zakonu o rešavanju sukoba zakona sa propisima drugih zemalja, kvalifikacija je definisana na način, koji zahteva tumačenje. Prihvaćen je stav da se ta odredba odnosi na stepenastu kvalifikaciju, koja predstavlja kombinaciju kvalifikacija po lex fori i lex causae. Pojedina uporedna zakonodavstva jasnije regulišu ovaj pojam, bez obzira da li se odnose na stepenastu kvalifikaciju ili kvalifikaciju po lex fori. S obzirom na to da je, za sada, nemoguće definisati kvalifikaciju pomoću autonomnih pojmova ili neku drugu kvalifikaciju, koja bi dovela do lakše primene kolizione norme, moramo prihvatiti stepenastu kvalifikaciju. Nacrt novog Zakona o Međunarodnom privatnom pravu definiše kvalifikaciju po lex fori i funkcionalnu kvalifikaciju, ako prva ne može da se primeni. U radu se kritikuje funkcionalna kvalifikacija i predlaže da se, na jasniji i nedvosmislen način, definiše stepenasta kvalifikacija.

In the case when banks appearing as insurance agents, we are talking about bankinsurance. In the last four decades, bankinsurance has emerged as a way of distribution of insurance, primarily in the field of life, but also in the field of non-life insurance. The development of bankinsurance is different from country to country, so we cannot say that, always, the financial system of a country is always correlated with the efficiency of bank insurance. In this area, it is very important to determine the relationship between the bank and the insurer, and from that will depend on which bankinsurance model will be applied. This relationship can be based on a contract of agency, then a joint venture agreement, as well as integrated approaches of the bank and the insurer in the area of bankinsurance. Bankinsurance models may be different, depending not only on the relationship between the bank and the insurer, but also on the insurance products offered to bank clients, the involvement of the insurance company's experts in bankinsurance, as well as the needs of the bank' s clients or the insured themselves. The paper outlines the factors that contribute to the development and efficiency of bank insurance. They are as follows: - facilitating a liberal regulatory regime that will help clearly define the relationship between banks and insurance companies; - the possibility for insurers to have access to a database of bank clients; - contractual regulation of the possibility of commissions from insurance selling banks, which is their additional source of income; - positive fiscal treatment of long-term savings products; - making insurance products standardized and simpler; - alternative insurance distribution channels must not adversely affect bank insurance; and - clearly defining of the operational integration of banks and insurers. The author proposes three models of bankinsurance that could be applied on the territories of countries in the region. These models are: - a model of defining bankinsurance through a bank and insurer contract, which would include intermediation and agency in insurance; - a model of corporate agency, in which a bank acts as an agent when selling insurance products; and - model of integrated approach to the bankinsurance market, which involves the participation of only those banks with more solid credit rating and better infrastructure. Also, the paper focuses on the general issues of bankinsurance, and to the regulation of this area in the legislation of the Republic of Serbia.

Changed circumstances are those circumstances that could not have been foreseen at the time of concluding the contract. The question then arises as to the justification of the termination or revision of the contract, since the parties could not foresee a situation that would make it impossible to perform the contract. The changed circumstances are related to the rebus sic stantibus clause. When extraordinary, that is, changed circumstances arise, two answers are possible. The first is that contract should be carried out as defined and the second is that, however, one should take into account the impact of changed circumstances. Even in case of force majeure, the rules of the rebus sic stantibus clause will apply. The paper raises the question of the application of this clause in football player transfer contracts. The dispute between the football clubs Leeds and Leipzig is analyzed, which concerns the impossibility of executing the contract due to the outbreak of the pandemic and the impossibility of the performance of football player Jean Kevin Augustin for Leeds due to the suspension of the competition. In addition, attention is paid to the dispute between the football clubs Cardiff City and Nantes, which arose, immediately after the transfer was concluded, because the footballer Emiliano Sala died in a plane crash. Does the rebus sic stantibus clause have to be applied in such situations or not? That is the question that the author tried to answer in this paper.