Staircase is a very important structural element found in mostly buildings of more than a floor. The properties of materials and designs used in constructing this structural element are very important. This study addresses the development of ultra-lightweight concrete. How ultra-lightweight concrete can effectively work in helicoidal structure. The flexural strength of this staircase was analysed on a finite element software SCAD. The designed lightweight aggregates concrete is targeted to be used in staircase of a structure having the shape of helicoid. In the concrete, chopped basalt fiber portion was added to each concrete mixture specimen reinforced as reinforcement. The basalt fiber percentages used are 0, 0.45, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.6. The developed lightweight expanded clay basalt fiber concrete showed significant increase in the flexural strength. The loads applied on this helicoidal concrete staircase in SCAD were derived from the laboratory experiments conducted on the concrete specimens on the 28 days curing period. This combination of values exceeds, to the researchers' knowledge, the performance of all other lightweight building materials. Furthermore, the developed lightweight concrete possesses excellent durability properties.

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The article provides an analysis of modern and affordable software systems for modelling shells of complex geometry and the possibilities of using these software systems in 3D printing. Such an analysis made it possible to choose software systems that most accurately allow for the implementation of the 3D modeling method proposed in the article with subsequent printing on a 3D printer. This method is considered in detail on the example of constructing several types of helicoids. The process of 3D modeling of a helicoid is described step by step and is divided into several stages: parametric modeling of a helicoid in SCAD, editing of the resulting model in AutoCAD and its export to a special format for 3D printing. The use of the method of parametric modeling is due to its accuracy and uncompromisingness. With its help, one can accurately judge the type of the built surface. Parametric modeling is the construction of a surface by compiling equations on each axis, i.e. along the x, y, z axes, and for each type of surface there are specific characteristic equations. It is not possible to implement the method of parametric modeling in all software systems; in this connection, certain difficulties arise. The article analyzes the difficulties encountered in 3D modeling of the helicoid and suggests ways to solve them.

Due to poor strength and hardness, low tensile strength, and inadequate cracking resistance, conventional concrete has recently posed a significant barrier to the modernization of the structural sector. To solve these issues, researchers investigated and found ways of implementing nanotechnology in concrete production. Nano concrete can be produced by incorporating nanomaterials in the concrete mix. This concrete type can also be reinforced by incorporating hybrid fibers and nanofibers. This review paper conducted an in-depth study on two types of nanomaterials that could be used in the production of nano concrete. Additionally, hybrid fibers were used to strengthen nano concrete. The objective of this paper was to identify some nanomaterials used in the production of nano concrete. Even though this unique hybrid material has been the subject of several investigations, there have only been a few reviews on its production procedures, effectiveness, and performance of this type of concrete. To identify these nanomaterials, their potential, and their properties, a review method was used to study previous works of some researchers and scientists on related and similar works. Some properties of these nanomaterials were discussed in this paper. Summarizing and concluding the research works of previous authors and this current study, it was found that nano concrete has better properties compared to normal conventional concrete. However, there are some limitations associated with the uses and applications of these nanomaterials in concrete for mass production. By tracking the beginning and spread of cracks, it was discovered that mixing various fiber types into a concrete mix enhances the cementitious matrix's strength qualities. The mechanical and toughness characteristics of fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures may be significantly improved by incorporating composites hybrid fiber composites that utilize the synergistic impact of nano- and micro-additives.