BackgroundAugmented reality (AR) is a simulation of a three‐dimensional environment created using hardware and software that provides the user with realistic experiences and ability to interact. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of AR simulator on the perception of learning and acute stress level in students administering local anaesthesia to paediatric patients relative to standard teaching methods.Material and methodsThe prospective study included 21 fourth‐ and fifth‐year students enrolled in 5‐year dental programme. In addition to conventional training, the students of the study group used the augmented reality simulator in a dental office 2 hours weekly in 2 weeks. The level of salivary cortisol was measured before and after the anaesthetic procedure as one of the indicators of acute stress.ResultsA statistically significant shorter time to perform infiltrative anaesthesia technique for the anterior superior alveolar nerve was observed in students using the AR technique (28.91 ± 9.06 seconds in the study group and 39.80 ± 9.29 seconds in the control group). The level of cortisol before and after anaesthesia was statistically significant in all subjects (cortisol concentration was 0.53 μg/dL before anaesthesia and 2.44 μg/dL after the procedure); however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.ConclusionThe AR concept may influence better manipulation and control of the syringe in students administering their first anaesthetic injection to paediatric patients, but may not reduce acute stress.

Background/Aim. Proinflammatory cytokines can act like endogenous pyrogen interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF ?) which regulate the synthesis of secondary mediators and other proinflammatory cytokines through macrophages and mesenchymal cells. They stimulate acute-phase proteins and attract inflammatory cells. The aim of this study was to determine interleukin 1-? (IL-1 ?) concentrations in chronically inflamed and healthy dental pulps. Methods. A total of 41 pulps (19 from patients with pulpitis chronic causa and 22 from patients with pulpatis chronic aperta), divided into two groups, were obtained from teeth with chronic pulp inflammation. The control group consisted of 12 teeth with healthy pulp. After extirpation, pulp samples were immediately placed in sterile Eppendorf tubes and frozen. After that, homogenisation was performed by a Teflon? pestle in ice-cold phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 whose volume was adjusted according to the weight of tissue. The supernatant was then frozen at -70?C until the performance of appropriate biochemical analyses. Cytokine IL-1 ? value was determined by a commercial enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA test). We applied the high sensitivity system technique, which may register low levels of cytokines, ranging from 0.125 to 8.0 pg/mL for IL-1 ?. Results. By comparing the mean value of IL-1?, in the pulps we can see a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) among them. The highest value of IL-1 ? was in the subjects with pulpitis chronica clausa and it was 6.21 ? 2.70 pg/mL. Conclusion. Proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 ? is present in detectable quantities in the pulp tissue of all vital pulps. Its highest concentrations were found in the sample group with pulpitis chronica clausa.

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BACKGROUND Augmented Reality (AR) is a simulation of a three-dimensional environment created using hardware and software that provides the user with realistic experiences and ability to interact. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of AR simulator on the perception of learning and acute stress level in students administering local anesthesia to pediatric patients relative to standard teaching methods. METHODS The prospective study included 21 fourth- and fifth-year students enrolled in 5-year-dental program. In addition to conventional training, the students of the study group used the augmented reality simulator in a dental office 2h weekly in 2 weeks. The level of salivary cortisol was measured before and after the anesthetic procedure as one of the indicators of acute stress. RESULTS A statistically significant shorter time to perform infiltrative anesthesia technique for the anterior superior alveolar nerve was observed in students using the AR technique. The level of cortisol before and after anesthesia was statistically significant in all subjects, however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The AR concept may influence better manipulation and control of the syringe in students administering their first anesthetic injection to pediatric patients, but may not reduce acute stress.

Sažetak Uvod. Ispitivanje uticaja nepravilnih zubnih ispuna na potporni aparat Uvod. Ispitivanje uticaja nepravilnih zubnih ispuna na potporni aparat Uvod zuba i proučavanje nastanka i toka promena u strukturi tkiva je relativno slabo ispitivana tema. Cilj ove studije bio je da se na određenoj grupi pacijenata, različitog Cilj ove studije bio je da se na određenoj grupi pacijenata, različitog Cilj uzrasta i pola, klinički i rendgenološki procene promene u parod-uzrasta i pola, klinički i rendgenološki procene promene u parod-uzrasta i pola, klinički i rendgenološki procene promene u parod oncijumu nastale usled nepravilnih aproksimalnih zubnih restauracija. Materijal i metode. Nepravilnosti koje su bile obuhvaćene u ovom istraživanju podeljene su u dve grupe: a) zjap (pukotine), koji nastaje između zubnog ispuna i gingivalnog zida kod kaviteta II klase; b) prominiranje zubnih ispuna izvan anatomske sfere zuba, pri čemu nastaje pozitivni stepenik u gingivalnoj trećini kod kaviteta II klase. Ispitivanje je bazirano na tome da li kod određenog oblika nepravilnosti zubnog ispuna ima razlike u stepenu promena na parodoncijumu u zavisnosti od materijala od koga je izrađen ispun, a kao materijali su korišćeni kompozitni ispuni i amalgami. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da nepravilni zubni ispuni Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da nepravilni zubni ispuni Rezultati značajno utiču na zapaljensku reakciju u parodoncijumu. Nepravilnosti u obliku zjapa prouzrokuju veće promene u parodoncijumu. Kompozitni ispuni izazivaju veći stepen zapaljenske reakcije u odnosu na amalgamske ispune. Zaključak. Nepravilni ispuni izazivaju oštećenje parodontalnog tkiva.