Coagulants and flocculants are used almost at all drinking water supply facilities, wastewater treatment plants of municipal and industrial enterprises in Belarus and Ukraine to intensify and increase the efficiency of the processes of purification, clarification and discoloration of water and wastewater. Mainly as coagulants aluminum and iron salts are used, as flocculants - active silicic acid, starch, cellulose derivatives, polyacryloamide, etc. Sulfuric acid treatment of alumina-containing raw materials allows, in the course of one process, to obtain a mixture of active substances - salts of aluminum, iron, active SiO2. In this case, there is no need to separate the salt from suspended particles and colloidal silicic acid. The presence of suspended dispersed particles in the active substance, as well as colloidal silicic acid and its salts, enhances and accelerates coagulation. The resulting solution, along with aluminum sulfate, contains silicic acid, which acts as a flocculant in the process of water purification. In addition, the processed products also contain ferrous sulfate, in the presence of which a better coagulation result is achieved. Industrial tests of the coagulant-flocculant were carried out in order to purify wastewater from oil products. The test results showed that the effectiveness of the coagulant-flocculant in reducing the content of oil products in wastewater is comparable to the currently used aluminum sulfate. The effectiveness of the developed coagulant-flocculant for the purification of drinking water was evaluated in comparative tests with a coagulant “Polvak-68” in the mode of trial coagulation on a laboratory flocculator. The research results are showed that the value of all parameters characterizing the contamination of the source water are highty decreasing for experimental coagulant-flocculant in compare with regular product.

541.183.6;543.42 Elemental analysis and Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy methods have been used to study the structure of two carbon hemosorbents that differ from one another in the way of synthesis. The hemosorbents contain C, N, H, S, and O atoms. Analysis of IR spectra has shown that the hemosorbents have different amounts of C=O carbonyl groups in the bulk than on the surface with the same proportion of OH-and C=C groups throughout the sample. This was observed experimentally as a change of intensity and position of the corresponding vibrational absorption bands. The possibility in principle of using the proposed analytical methods to establish structural features of hemosorbents both on the surface and within the sample is substantiated.Introduction. Carbon hemosorbents (CHS) have been successfully used in clinical practice to treat endogenous intoxication syndrome that accompanies several diseases [1][2][3]. The therapeutic effect from use of CHS is achieved by removing from the organism various hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites and toxins. CHS in contact with blood should have high mechanical strength, exhibit sorption activity, traumatize minimally blood components and living tissue, provide the required hydrodynamics and kinetics for hemocarboperfusion processes, and lack toxic, cancerogenic, and allergic properties [3,4]. The manifestation of the aforementioned medical and biological properties depends in principle on the CHS preparation method.The CHS preparation conditions affect the formation of the carbon structure of the hemosorbent skeleton in general and the formation in it of active sorption centers. As a rule, CHS are based on activated charcoals that are graphitic solids [5,6]. The main structural element in the bulk and on the surface of CHS is a system of condensed aromatic rings in which three valence electrons of carbon are bonded to neighboring atoms by strong and fully saturated σ-bonds whereas the fourth π-electron is practically fully delocalized and can freely migrate along the system of conjugated bonds. The surface C atoms in condensed aromatic rings exist in an electronic and energy state that is different from that in the bulk and are capable of reacting with various elements and compounds to form unconventional surface compounds such as functional groups and surface complexes including O, N, S, P, and other atoms.An IR spectroscopy study of CHS structural features can solidify concepts about their medical and biological properties and reveal practically important correlations, e.g., structure-spectrum-detoxification properties. We used elemental analysis and IR-Fourier spectroscopy to study the chemical composition and structure of two carbon hemosorbents that are widely used in biomedical practice.Experimental. The starting material for preparing CHS was macroporous ion-exchange resin based on a polystyrenedivinylbenzene matrix with large pore volumes and sizes [7]. The porosity of the starting material can decrease sharply during thermal and thermal chemical destruct...

The main directions of creating new forms of anti-fouling coatings for hulls of sea vessels lie in the field of obtaining an optimal biocide or mixture of biocides. Copper (I) oxide and copper-containing compounds are currently used as the main biocide in such compositions. To obtain competitive biocides containing copper (I) oxide, it is necessary to use relatively cheap inert fillers. The authors proposed a method for producing pigments based on titanium (IV) phosphate and copper compounds that have toxic effect on marine microorganisms for use in coatings that prevent biofouling of ship hulls in seawater. It is shown that by varying the initial ratio of Cu (II) : Ti (III) in the composition of the pigment, the order of mixing, and the temperature of heat treatment of the pigment, it is possible to change the content of various copper compounds in the polymer matrix of titanium phosphate. The obtained samples were studied using the X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy methods and other. Thermal transformations of titanium (IV) phosphate samples containing copper in different oxidation states were studied by thermal synchronic analysis in air and nitrogen. The conditions for obtaining a pigment with a maximum content of copper (I) oxide, necessary for prolonged inhibition of fouling, were found. The ability of the compositions to leach copper and phosphate ions in distilled water and in water similar in composition to seawater, depending on the conditions of heat treatment, was studied. Evaluation tests of the biocidal activity of the obtained pigments in relation to ciliates Tetrachimena piriformis and test cultures of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis were carried out.

Inorganic sorbents are more selective in comparison with commercial ion exchange resins towards of metal ions. However, inorganic sorbents characterized not high kinetic properties. One of the way to increase the kinetic rate of inorganic sorbents is to reduce the particle size of these materials, other way is synthesizing inorganic sorbents as porous products from powder materials. A sample of such inorganic sorbents is titanium phosphate of various compositions. Studying the properties of microfilters based on composition titanium phosphate - porous titanium has been developed. The sorbents based on acidic titanium phosphate Ti(HPO4)2∙H2O were used for filtering solution with Fe(II) content. It is found that the number of impregnations with inorganic sorbent modificator is important and influence filtration process. The obtained results demonstrated that after the first impregnation of porous material with a smaller pore size, it is possible to obtain such sorbent as a mass content of powder material. By varying the ionic form of titanium phosphate, the porosity of titanium, the amount of impregnation, it could be possible effect on the sorption Fe(II). The sorption properties of titanium-titanium phosphate microfilters were studied by potentiometric titration in the NaCl-NaOH system, as well as the sorption of Fe2+ ions. The degree of purification for Fe(II) from solution with a concentration of 10 mg/l is 64 %. Application an electric potential to the microfilter of porous titanium - phosphate titanium increases the degree of purification of Fe(II) to 88 %.