Background: In obese individuals, chronic inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. This inflammation may be reduced by anti-inflammatory proteins like pentraxin 3 (PTX3). High-intensity interval training (HIIT) mostly with weight bearing might also alleviate this inflammation. This type of exercise may be limited in obese individuals due to their excessive body mass, muscular weakness or joints pain. Whether non-weight bearing HIIT can increase these anti-inflammatory proteins in obese individuals is not clear yet. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of non-weight bearing all-extremity HIIT (all ex. HIIT) on antiinflammatory proteins like PTX3. Methods: In this cross-sectional semi-experimental study, 30 overweight and obese female participants with the mean age of 20.50 ± 1.50 years and the mean weight of 80.70 ± 13.70 kg were randomly assigned to all ex. HIIT and control groups. Training consisted of 4 × 4 min 85%-90% max HR, and 3 × 3 recovery by 70% max HR with upper and lower body training in a simultaneous manner (four sessions per week for 10 weeks). PTX3, interleukin10 (IL10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lipid profile, glycemic profile, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: At the end of the intervention, no significant difference was observed in PTX3 (P = 0.47), IL10 (P = 0.67) and TNFα (P = 0.92) levels between the groups. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased by 13.5% in the all ex. HIIT group, while the triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and glycemic profiles remained unchanged in both groups. HR and systolic and diastolic BP decreased by 12.2%, 2.3% and 6%, respectively, in the all ex. HIIT group, while they remained unchanged in the control group. There was no significant change in PTX3, but as to its correlation with IL10 and HDL a slight change is observed. Conclusions: All ex. HIIT may be a safe exercise that decreases LDL, HR and systolic and diastolic BP in overweight and obese individuals unable to perform weight-bearing HIIT.

Obesity is commonly associated with immunometabolic dysfunctions. Activation of inflammatory macrophages through TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) and the anti-inflammatory impact of exercise have been and are the new concerns among researchers. A new short-term combined high-intensity interval training was proposed in young sedentary overweight/obese females. All participants were allocated to one of two groups: the exercise group (EG) and the control group (CG), where the EG participated in a 2-week combined training and the CG continued its routine lifestyle. Gene expression levels of TLR4, NF-κB (nuclear factor κB), and IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) were assessed by real-time PCR. Physiological, anthropometric, and biomedical metabolic factors were assessed. The between-group comparisons indicated a tendency to a decrease in NF-κB gene expression in the EG. The IRF3 levels were not significantly changed compared to CG and the levels before training. Fasting glucose levels and β-cell function revealed a significant improvement in EG. These findings indicated that this protocol decreased meta-inflammation levels and improved insulin resistance independent of body composition changes. Consequently, combined training may be recommended as a therapeutic approach in metabolic diseases.

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To compare the effectiveness of different types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on metainflammation during obesity, TLR4 pathway activities were assessed following a 10-week randomized trial. 30 young females with overweight and obesity were randomly allocated to aerobic HIIT (HIIT/AE) or resistance exercise in HIIT (HIIT/RE) and performed a 28-minute (4 × 4 min) in each session. During each interval, the HIIT/AE performed four minutes of all-extremity cycling, whereas the HIIT/RE completed four minutes of combined resistance exercises and allextremity cycling. The TLR4 pathway gene expression was measured for the TLR4 receptor, downstream adaptors (TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and myeloid differentiation factor (MYD) 88), transcriptional factors (nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3), and its negative regulator (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3)). The serum levels of TNFα, interferon (IFN) γ, interleukin (IL)-10, and adiponectin were measured. We found that TLR4 (HIIT/RE: 0.6 ± 0.43 vs. HIIT/AE: 1.24 ± 0.82, p = 0.02), TRIF (HIIT/RE: 0.51 ± 0.4 vs. HIIT/AE: 3.56 ± 0.52, p = 0.001), and IRF3 (HIIT/RE: 0.49 ± 0.42 vs. HIIT/AE: 0.6 ± 0.89; p = 0.04) levels were significantly downregulated in HIIT/RE compared to the HIIT/AE, with a significant reduction in serum levels of TNFα (pg/ml) (HIIT/RE: 22.5 ± 11.3 to 6.3 ± 5.3 vs. HIIT/AE: 19.16 ± 20.8 to 13.48 ± 21.7, p = 0.04) and IFNγ (pg/ml) (HIIT/RE: 43.5 ± 20.6 to 37.5 ± 4.3 vs. HIIT/AE: 37.6 ± 5.6 to 68.1 ± 22.5, p = 0.03). Adiponectin and IL-10 levels did not significantly differ between the two groups. Thus, resistance exercise training augments the immunomodulatory adaptations to HIIT and should be prescribed to people at risk of cardiometabolic disease.

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