Abstract. Vietnam is a major rice producer, and much of the rice grown is concentrated in the Red River Delta (RRD) and the Mekong River Delta (MRD). While the two deltas are highly productive regions, they are vulnerable to natural hazards and the effects of human-induced environmental change. To show that the processes and issues affecting food security are reinforcing, interdependent and operating at multiple scales, we used a systems-thinking approach to represent the major linkages between anthropogenic land-use and natural hazards and elaborate on how the drivers and environmental processes interact and influence rice growing area, rice yield and rice quality in the two deltas. On a local scale, demand for aquaculture and alternative crops, urban expansion, dike development, sand mining and groundwater extraction decrease rice production in the two deltas. Regionally, upstream dam construction impacts rice production in the two deltas despite being distally situated. Separately, the localized natural hazards that have adversely affected rice production include droughts, floods and typhoons. Outbreaks of pests and diseases are also common. Climate-change-induced sea level rise is a global phenomenon that will affect agricultural productivity. Notably, anthropogenic developments meant to improve agricultural productivity or increase economic growth can create many unwanted environmental consequences such as an increase in flooding, saltwater intrusion and land subsidence, which in turn decreases rice production and quality. In addition, natural hazards may amplify the problems created by human activities. Our meta-analysis highlights the ways in which a systems-thinking approach can yield more nuanced perspectives to tackle “wicked” and interrelated environmental challenges. Given that deltas worldwide are globally significant for food production and are highly stressed and degraded, a systems-thinking approach can be applied to provide a holistic and contextualized overview of the threats faced in each location.
Protecting the green - clean - beautiful living environment is a matter of concern for the whole world. There are many global or regional conferences held to discuss and find a way to solve that problem. In which, climate change, energy depletion and greenhouse effect are hot issues, this is one of the great challenges for all mankind because they are directly affecting ecology. environment and human life.
Abstract. Vietnam is a major rice producer and much of the rice grown is concentrated in the Red River Delta (RRD) and the Mekong River Delta (MRD). While the two mega-deltas are highly productive regions, they are vulnerable to natural hazards and the effects of human related environmental change. The natural hazards that affect Vietnam include typhoons, floods and droughts while the major anthropogenic developments happening in Vietnam include dike development, sand mining, dam construction and groundwater extraction. Outbreaks of pests and diseases are also common. Although there is a substantial volume of work investigating the environmental impacts of these natural hazards and anthropogenic interventions, few studies have examined the implications of these on food security. To show that the processes and issues affecting food security are reinforcing and interdependent, we used a systems thinking approach to represent the ways in which natural hazards, anthropogenic land-use and climate change affect rice production in the two mega-deltas. A key finding is that anthropogenic developments meant to improve agricultural productivity or increase economic development create many unwanted environmental consequences such as an increase in flooding, saltwater intrusion and land subsidence which in turn create other negative feedbacks on rice production and quality. In addition, natural hazards may amplify the problems created by human activities. In future, besides creating new environmental threats, climate change may exacerbate the effects of natural hazards by increasing the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Our meta-analysis highlights the ways in which a systems thinking approach can yield more nuanced perspectives to tackle complex and interrelated environmental challenges. Given that mega-deltas worldwide are globally significant for food production and are highly stressed and degraded landscapes, a systems thinking approach can be applied to provide a holistic and contextualized overview of the threats faced in each location.
Đặt vấn đề: Hàng năm tại Việt Nam có 651 ca mắc mới và 251 ca tử vong bởi u lympho Hodgkin, bệnh nhân phần lớn ở độ tuổi trẻ từ 35-45 tuổi với 90% ca là u lympho Hodgkin kinh điển (CHL). Hiện nay, brentuximab vedotin (BV) là một trong số rất ít liệu pháp được chỉ định cho những bệnh nhân CHL tái phát/tiến triển sau ghép ASCT và có hiệu quả về lâm sàng. Tuy nhiên, bằng chứng về chi phí – hiệu quả của BV tại Việt Nam còn hạn chế, do đó, nghiên cứu chi phí – hiệu quả cho thuốc này tại Việt Nam là cần thiết. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu sử dụng mô hình sống còn phân vùng để ước tính chi phí và hiệu quả của điều trị sử dụng BV so với liệu pháp hóa trị truyền thống. Mô hình sử dụng các tham số đến từ các kết quả thử nghiệm lâm sàng đã công bố, những nguồn chi phí tại Việt Nam và tham vấn ý kiến chuyên gia. Kết quả: Tổng chi phí điều trị cho 01 bệnh nhân sử dụng BV là 399.975.378 đồng, gia tăng 1,33 năm sống thêm, tương ứng 0,32 năm sống chất lượng. Tỷ số chi phí tăng thêm trên số năm sống tăng thêm (ICER-LYs) là 225.505.267 đồng và Tỷ số chi phí tăng thêm trên số năm sống điều chỉnh theo chất lượng cuộc sống tăng thêm (ICER-QALYs) là 925.845.119 đồng. Kết luận: Khi so sánh với ngưỡng chi phí-hiệu quả là 3 lần GDP của Việt Nam, chỉ số ICER theo LYs đã tiệm cận so với ngưỡng sẵn sàng chi trả, tuy nhiên chỉ số ICER theo QALY thì cao hơn rất nhiều so với ngưỡng này. BV là một can thiệp cứu vớt hiệu quả, giúp kéo dài thời gian sống của bệnh nhân CHL tiến triển/tái phát, tuy nhiên chi phí thuốc BV là rào cản lớn để bệnh nhân có thể tiếp cận và sử dụng thuốc BV. Việc BHYT xem xét đưa thuốc BV vào danh mục thanh toán sẽ giúp nâng cao công bằng sức khỏe cho người bệnh CHL tiến triển/tái phát sau ghép ASCT.
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