The intelligent transport system (ITS) has become one of the most globally researched topics with a lot of investment and development resources being dedicated into it due to its foreseen impact on the economic growth of the transport sector. Currently there are two main vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies, whose primary application is focused on ITS, backed up by the key players of various automotive, telecommunication and transport industries: dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X), respectively based on IEEE 802.11p and 3GPP LTE/5G NR. While DSRC already has deployments, C-V2X is expected to see larger scale trails and deployments in 2020. In this work, the authors provide insight and review into two main V2X technologies, DSRC and C-V2X, their core parameters, shortcomings and limitations, and explore the need for integration of IoT-based technologies into modern ITS solutions. A comprehensive overview and analysis of currently commercially available V2X products, their sub-blocks and features is provided.
This paper presents the design, simulation, and measurements of a low power, low phase noise 10.25–11.78 GHz LC digitally controlled oscillator (LC DCO) with extended true single phase clock (E-TSPC) frequency divider in 130 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology for 5G intelligent transport systems. The main goal of this work was to design the LC DCO using a mature and low-cost 130 nm CMOS technology. The designed integrated circuit (IC) consisted of two parts: the LC DCO frequency generation and division circuit and an independent frequency divider testing circuit. The proposed LC DCO consisted of the following main blocks: the high Q-factor inductor, switched-capacitors block, cross-coupled transistors, and the current control block. Inductors with switched-capacitors block formed an LC tank. The designed E-TSPC frequency divider consisted of eight blocks connected in a series; each block increased the division ratio by a factor of two. The frequency of the input signal was divided in the region from two to 256 times using the designed divider. The main parameters of the designed E-TSPC divider and the LC DCO measurements were given as follows: LC DCO achieved a wide tuning range from 10.25 GHz to 11.78 GHz (1.53 GHz, 15.28% bandwidth); phase noise at 1 MHz offset frequency from LC DCO lowest carrier frequency was −113.42 dBc/Hz; phase noise at 1 MHz offset frequency from LC DCO highest carrier frequency was −110.51 dBc/Hz; The average power consumption of the designed LC DCO core and E-TSPC divider were 10.02 mW and 97.52 mW, respectively; the figure of merit (FOM) and the extended FOMT values of the proposed LC DCO were −183.52 dBc/Hz and −187.20 dBc/Hz, respectively. These FOM and FOMT results were achieved due to very low phase noise (−113.52 dBc/Hz) and a wide frequency tuning range (15.28%). The total layout area including the pads was 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm, with the largest part of the layout occupied by the proposed LC DCO (193 µm × 311 µm). The largest part of the LC DCO was occupied by the inductor 184 µm × 184 µm. The manufactured chip was packed into a quad flat no-leads (QFN) 20 pads package.
This paper reviews CMOS LC Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCO) for wireless multi-standard transceivers and wireless communications. The main parameters, such as phase noise, carrier frequency, supply voltage, tuning range, power dissipation, figure of merit (FOMt) were reviewed in this paper.
2017 © Straipsnio autoriai. Leidėjas VGTU leidykla "Technika". Šis straipsnis yra atvirosios prieigos straipsnis, turintis Kūrybinių bendrijų (Creative Commons) licenciją (CC BY-NC 4.0), kuri leidžia neribotą straipsnio ar jo dalių panaudą su privaloma sąlyga nurodyti autorių ir pirminį šaltinį. Straipsnis ar jo dalys negali būti naudojami komerciniams tikslams. ISSN 2029-2341 / eISSN 2029-2252 https://doi.org/10. 3846/mla.2017.1043 ELEKTroNIKa Ir ELEKTroTEChNIKa ELECTroNICS aNd ELECTrICaL ENGINEErING 2017 9(3): 324-328 žemųjų dažnių filtro, moduliatoriaus ir galios stiprintuvo (GS). Bevielio ryšio siųstuve-imtuve kaip dažnio sintezatorius dažniausiai yra naudojama fazės derinimo kilpa FDK (angl. phase locked loop (PLL). Dažniausiai tokie siųstu-vai-imtuvai veikia dažnių ruože nuo 0,1 GHz iki 13 GHz. Norint padengti platų dažnių ruožą, reikalinga fazės derinimo kilpa, kurioje dažnį garantuos keletas LC įtampa valdomų generatorių (LC-ĮVG). MOKSLAS -LIETUVOS ATEITIS SCIENCE -FUTURE OF LITHUANIAKlasikinę FDK sudaro penki pagrindiniai komponentai: fazės detektorius (FD), krūvio pompa (KP), žemųjų dažnių filtras (ŽDF), įtampa valdomas generatorius (ĮVG) ir dažnio daliklis (÷N). FD nustato dažnio ir fazės neatitikimą tarp atraminio f REF ir grįžtamojo ryšio f DIV įėjimų. Kitas etapas -FD UP arba DN signalų generavimas. UP signalai generuojami, kai grįžtamojo ryšio signalo f DIV dažnis atsilieka nuo f REF . Priešingu atveju generuojami DN signalai. KP gaunant UP signalą yra generuojamas teigiamas srovės impulsas, priešingu atveju, gavus DN signalą, -generuojamas impulsas, kuris yra neigiamas. Srovės impulsai iš KP patenka į ŽDF. Čia vyksta signalų integravimas ir filtravimas. ŽDF siunčia valdymo signalą į ĮVG, tuomet ĮVG išėjimo dažnis yra didinamas arba mažinamas, taip fazės paklaida yra pašalinama. Jei FD išsiunčia UP signalą, tuomet ĮVG didina išėjimo dažnį, jei išsiunčiamas DN signalas -ĮVG išėjimo dažnis mažinamas. įvadasŠiuo metu bevielio ryšio technologijos sparčiai tobulėja. Daugelis žmonių naudojasi išmaniaisiais bevielio ryšio įrenginiais, kurie gali veikti keliais bevielio ryšio standartais. Norint pasiekti didesnį bevielių išmaniųjų prietaisų funkcionalumą bevielio ryšio standartų skaičius vis labiau didinamas. Išmanusis bevielis įrenginys gali komunikuoti skirtingais bevielio ryšio standartais keliais būdais. Pirmasis -tai įrenginyje sumontuoti lustai, atsakingi už tam tikrą bevielio ryšio standartą. Antrasis -tai vienas universalus lustas, gebantis dirbti daugiastandarčiu, daugiajuosčiu režimu. Šis sprendimas, lyginant su daugialuste sistema, turi kelis pagrindinius privalumus. Naudojant vieną universalų lustą mobiliajame išmaniajame prietaise galima itin sumažinti lustų, skirtų daugiastandarčiam ryšiui perduoti, plotą. Į tai atsižvelgus likęs plotas gali būti panaudotas papildomoms įrenginio funkcijoms. Naudojant vieną lustą pats įrenginys gali būti kompaktiškesnis. Kitas privalumas -sumažėjusi suvartojama energija.Norint naudotis tame pačiame luste keliomis bevielio ryšio technologijomis būtinas dau...
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