2 SummaryThe nutrient composition of pastures is described in relation to seasonal patterns of temperature (TP) and day length (DL). The seasonal patterns of TP and DL can be accurately characterized with a simple sine wave equation. The four parameters of the sine wave equation provide usable information about the variable being examined. Crude protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) peaked in the spring and fall months and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) peaked in the summer and winter months. Horse owners can utilize descriptions of the seasonal patterns in forage nutrient composition to avoid high NSC contributing to metabolic disorders such as laminitis or to take advantage of high CP for broodmares in early lactation and growing foals.Keywords: nutrition, day length, temperature, pasture composition, Virginia
SummaryThe present study tested the hypothesis that insulin sensitivity would be lower in horses adapted to sugar and starch than those adapted to fat and fiber during an endurance race. Forty horses were divided into 3 dietary groups: one group of experimental feed (SS) was rich in starch (33%), low in fat (8%); another (FF) low in starch (6%) and rich in fat (15%); and a third group of commercial concentrates (CC) was intermediate in starch (16%) and fat (11%). Blood samples were taken the day before the race (PRE), within 3 minutes of arrival at each vet check (after 27, 48, 80 km), and three hours post completion or elimination. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, cortisol, glycerol, triglycerides, CK and AST. A proxy for insulin sensitivity as measured by the minimal model was calculated: RISQI = (1/sqrt [insulin]). Also, a proxy for pancreatic !-cell response to plasma glucose was calculated: MIRG =[ 800-0.30 ([insulin] -50) 2 ]/[glucose -30]. Higher insulin in FF and CC horses, and in eliminated horses, combined with a lower RISQI in eliminated horses indicated that insulin resistance (low RISQI) was attenuated by fat and fiber feeding and decreased the likelihood of elimination. Higher insulin sensitivity in finishers and fat and fiber fed horses may have allowed a more efficient glucose uptake by muscles, allowing energy to be obtained through NEFA and TG. Fat and fiber feeding could avoid insulin resistance improving the efficiency of energy utilization and performance of horses during endurance races it also could reduce excitement and increases in muscle enzymes. mU). Im Blut dieTiere waren ferner (ohne Berücksichtigung von Pferden mit klinischer Myopathie, "Rhabdomyolyse") höhere CK-und AST-Werte bei 48 km (P < 0,005), und bei REC (P = 0,002) sowie höhere Kortisolkonzentrationen (P = 0 036; 131,1 ± 10,2 ng/dl) zu beobachten als bei den im Ziel einlaufenden Pferden (Kortisol, 119.9 ± 4.7 ng/dl) Gegenüber dem Ruhewert stiegen die Plasmawerte für CK, AST, Kortisol, Glycerol, Triglyzeride und RISQI an, während für Insulin und MIRG ein Abfall zu verzeichnen war. Pferde, die mit SS und CC gefüttert wurden, hatten niedrigere RISQI-Werte (p=0,018) als die mit FF versorgtenTiere. Die MIRG-Werte waren für die FF-Gruppe lediglich tendenziell niedriger (P = 0,088) als bei den Gruppen SS und CC. Die Pferde dieser beiden Gruppen wiesen höhere Insulinwerte auf (SS 17,7 ± 1,6, CC 18,6 ± 1,8 mU/L) als die nach FF-Regime versorgten Pferde (13,6 ± 0,9 mU/L). Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass eine Insulin Resistenz ein mit dem notwendigen Ausschluss von Pferden aus dem Wettbewerb in Zusammenhang stehender Faktor sein kann. Durch eine fett-und strukturreiche Fütterung kann, wie der Werte für die RISQI zeigen, eine Insulin Resistenz vermieden werden. Zwei Pferde wurden wegen klinischer Symptome einer Myopathie (Rhabdomyolyse) eliminiert; insgesamt zeigten vom Wettbewerb ausgeschlossene Pferde höhere Werte für muskelsensitive Enzymen bei Kilometer 27, 48 und bei REC als die unauffälligen Tiere. A...
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