Objective: Nigella sativa has antifungal effects against Candida albicans. The antifungal activity of N. sativa is due to the components of thymoquinone,thymol, and carvacrol. Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the human oral cavity typically caused by the infection of C. albicans.The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal effectiveness of N. sativa seed extract (SE) on the viability of C. albicans.Methods: C. albicans was added to the wells of 96-well microtiter plates that were coated with artificial saliva and exposed to N. sativa SE atconcentrations of 6.25%–50% or 1 μl of amphotericin B (250 mg/μl) as a positive control. The viability of C. albicans was determined with the3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Results: The optical density of C. albicans incrementally decreased on exposure to increasing concentrations of N. sativa SE.Conclusion: N. sativa SE concentration is inversely correlated to the viability of C. albicans.

Identification of springs that as sources of clean water based on the spatial pattern of spring discharge in the karst region of Mount Sewu, Gunung Kidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta was performed. This karst region is prone to drought. In June 2018, a drought occurred in at least 11 sub-districts of the Regency. It means that new sources of clean water are urgently needed. Variations in discharge were obtained using data on spring elevation, rock transmissivity and water balance. The result shows that springs located at lower elevations have relatively lower water discharge compared to springs at higher elevations, while the transmissivity of aquifer rocks is directly proportional to the amount of spring discharge.