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Antibody levels towards sonicated wbole eel! extracts of selected oral Gram negative bacteria and Actinomyces viscosus were determined in sera from patients with various inflammatory forms of periodontal disease and from healthy control individuals. Antibody titres to two (non-leukotoxin producing) strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were significantly elevated in patients with juvenile periodontitis. Adult patients with severe periodontitis had significantly lower IgG antibody titres to Veillonellaparvula {p<(i.001) or A. actinomycetemcomitans strain NCTC 9710 (p

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Objective: Nigella sativa has antifungal effects against Candida albicans. The antifungal activity of N. sativa is due to the components of thymoquinone,thymol, and carvacrol. Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the human oral cavity typically caused by the infection of C. albicans.The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal effectiveness of N. sativa seed extract (SE) on the viability of C. albicans.Methods: C. albicans was added to the wells of 96-well microtiter plates that were coated with artificial saliva and exposed to N. sativa SE atconcentrations of 6.25%–50% or 1 μl of amphotericin B (250 mg/μl) as a positive control. The viability of C. albicans was determined with the3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Results: The optical density of C. albicans incrementally decreased on exposure to increasing concentrations of N. sativa SE.Conclusion: N. sativa SE concentration is inversely correlated to the viability of C. albicans.

Objectives:This study aimed to analyze the effects of propolis extract and propolis candies on Streptococcus sanguinis.Methods: Bacterial suspensions were exposed to propolis extract and propolis candies. For propolis extract, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using a spectrophotometer, and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined using a standard plate count method. Samples were cultured in brain heart infusion agar, incubated for 24 hrs, and the bacterial colony units formed on the agar plates were manually counted.Results: Propolis extract inhibits the growth of S. sanguinis at MIC 5% and MBC 10%. The colonies of S. sanguinis decreased after exposure to propolis candies. Conclusions:Propolis extract and propolis candies are effective to inhibit the growth of S. sanguinis.