Background This study aimed to assess the association between iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and dental caries in early childhood. Methods A total of 40 children with proven IDA and another 40 healthy age and sex‐matched children were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. Legal guardians were interviewed to collect data on oral hygiene measures and dietary habits. Anthropometric measurements were performed for all participants, and blood samples were collected to assess complete blood count and body iron status. Patients were confirmed to have IDA based on haemoglobin level (Hb), red blood cells indices and body iron status. Caries experience was determined based on the number of decayed, missing and filled primary teeth using dmft index. Results A statistically significant negative correlation between dmft index scores and haemoglobin level (r = −0.454, P < 0.001) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) level (r = −0.380, P = 0.001) was detected, and in accordance there was a positive statistically significant correlation between caries experience and the presence of anaemia (r = −0.60, P < 0.001). Conclusion In early childhood, dental caries might coexist with IDA even in its mildest form. All children exhibiting severe early childhood caries should be investigated for IDA and anaemia should be managed if present.

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Background Aplastic anemia (AA) is life threatening disorder in pediatric age group with an increasing incidence nowadays. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant being the 1st line therapy; immunosuppressive therapy (IST) is the alternative therapy and is the most commonly used modality of treatment especially in the developing countries. Aim of the Work to assess the outcome of IST in children with severe and very severe AA. Patients and Methods Data for 23 children treated with IST from January 201 0 to January 201 9 (10 years) were retrieved from clinic records. IST included rabbit anti thymocyte globulin (ATG) along with cyclosporine A and another group were treated by sandimmune alone. Results Patient characteristics included median age (9) with 73.9% male and 26.1% female. With median interval between diagnosis and start of IST 2(1 -5) months and around 30.4% with hepatitis A associated aplastic anemia. Complete response, and no response were seen in 4 (50%) patients and 4(50%) patients, respectively in patients received ATG and sandimune. While in patients received sandimune alone complete response, partial response and no response were seen in 7(46.7%) patients, 5 (33.3%) patients, and 3 (20%) patients respectively. The median time to best response in the whole cohort was 2 months. There was no difference in outcome related to severity of AA, or higher Hb or platelet level. There was a significantly better rate of response in both groups of patients with higher initial TLC count (p = 0.001) initial ANC (p = 0.002), initial ALC (p = 0.001), and initial ARC (p = 0.014) before start of IST. An overall response rate in both groups around of 43.47% reported a 5-year OS. With 45.5 of patients with complete response had HAAA. A delayed time to complete response with prolonged requirement of cyclosporine therapy was detected in the study. Conclusion In a developing country setting, IST with ATG and cyclosporine seems to be an alternative treatment for children with aplastic anemia lacking MRD.