Results of these experiments confirmed earlier find ings ; therefore, only one will be mentioned. In this case, a current of 90 milliamperes, entering at the right fore-leg and leaving at the lower extremities of the animal's body, was required to set the heart in fibrillation. With the current flowing between the animal's two fore-legs, 243 milliamperes were required to produce the same condition.From the results of these experiments it is evident that a much greater proportion of total current flowing through the body will pass through the heart when the current pathway is from either hand to either foot than when it is from hand to hand. The finding that more current flows through the heart when the current path is from the right side to lower extremities than is the case when the current enters the body at the left side, confirms earlier experi mental work with rats.The authors wish to take this opportunity to acknowledge their appreciation to the committee on physiology of the Conference on Electric Shock for providing funds for this work.The development, present status, and future plans of railway electrification in western Europe were studied b y the authors during the spring of 1 9 3 1 on an inspection tour of the more important systems. General find ings and part of the data secured are pre sented here. P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . N e w Y o r k , Ν . Y .has been adopted by governmental action; in many of the countries other traction systems also are em ployed to a minor degree. There are four major traction systems in Europe: the single-phase and three-phase a-c. systems, and the 750/1,500-volt and 3,000-volt d-c. systems. The single-phase a-c. sys tems (mostly 16.7-cycle, 15-kv.) and the d-c. systems (mostly 1,500-volt) are rapidly expanding; the threephase (16-7-cycle 3,700-volt) system probably will be slowly extended in the present region. Countries us ing the a-c. and d-c. systems differ in method of power generation; the d-c. systems purchase or generate power at commercial frequency and are connected with the national power networks, often considered of vital importance in selecting a standard traction system. The a-c. systems (with the exception of Sweden) generate almost all of their power at traction frequency with transmission independent of the in dustrial network. 4
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