A sufficient chemical water purification treatment system should consist of ion exchange and reverse osmosis. Attention has to be paid to the suitability of materials in contact with the water and of the chemicals used, for example regenerants or corrosion inhibitors. From the microbiological point of view, a safety UV disinfection step in the water-treatment system is favourable. To avoid bacterial recontamination periodic cleaning and disinfecting of the water-treatment and distribution systems, as well as the dialysis machine are essential. There is the need for complete guidelines regarding dialysis water that include all relevant chemical and microbiological parameters. Based on this standard, periodic examination of the water after each treatment step has to be performed.

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In this study, we demonstrate that imPSA is a new prostate cancer screening method that is highly sensitive and more specific than standard PSA testing.

Partial correction of renal anemia by the use of recombinant human erythropoietin is associated with various effects on cardiovascular performance parameters. A decrease in cardiac output as well as an increase in systemic peripheral resistance have been noted and the pathogenetic basis of these changes will be discussed. Furthermore this article will focus on the potential cardiovascular consequences of prolonged correction of anemia in patients with renal failure. The literature on the clinical implications, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral arterial occlusive disease and finally patient care costs, will be discussed.

No abstract