No abstract

No abstract

Radionuclide migration /Transport model /Diffusion coefficients / Diffusion mechanisms /Radionuclide distribution coefficients SummaryIn this paper results of systematic measurements on the diffusion of radionuclides through samples of various sedimentary rocks of Konrad, Asse and Gorleben sites are presented. The tracers used were U-233, Np-237, Ra-226, Ni-63 and Se-75.It is shown that concentration vs. time curves often agree with theoretical breakthrough curves. Therefore, diffusion coefficients can be derived. Moreover, applying a special transport model sorption ratios can be derived which are in agreement with sorption coefficients obtained by means of the batch technique.

Purpose. Female runners are known to be at greater risk from chronic running injuries than age-matched males, although the exact mechanisms are often poorly understood. The aim of the current investigation was to determine if female recreational runners exhibit distinct limb and joint stiffness characteristics in relation to their male counterparts. Methods. Fourteen male and fourteen female runners ran over a force platform at 4.0 m · s -1 . Lower limb kinematics were collected using an eight-camera optoelectric motion capture system operating at 250 Hz. Measures of limb and joint stiffness were calculated as a function of limb length and joint moments divided by the extent of limb and joint excursion. All stiffness and joint moment parameters were normalized to body mass. Sex differences in normalized limb and knee and ankle joint stiffness were examined statistically using independent samples t tests. Results. The results indicate that normalized limb (male = 0.18 ± 0.07, female = 0.37 ± 0.10 kN · kg · m -1 ) and knee stiffness (male = 5.59 ± 2.02, female = 7.34 ± 1.78 Nm · kg · rad -1 ) were significantly greater in female runners. Conclusions. On the basis that normalized knee and limb stiffness were shown to be significantly greater in female runners, the findings from the current investigation may provide further insight into the aetiology of the distinct injury patterns observed between sexes.

No abstract