Prevalence of hePatitis c virus and its genotyPes among a cohort of drug users in KenyaConclusions: these results demonstrate a high hcv infection prevalence among this cohort of drug users (22.2 %) as compared to that of the general population, which is estimated to be 0.2-0.9%. The study also confirms the presence of at least two major genotypes among Kenyan drug users (genotypes 1 and 4).

SUMMARYStrains of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from patients with meningitis or septicaemia without meningitis in Scotland during the years 1972-82 have been reviewed together with details of the age, sex, disease and outcome of the patients from whom they were isolated. A total of 1185 strains were isolated, of which 927 were examined at the Meningococcal Reference Laboratory (Scotland): 19-3 % were of serogroup A, 63 % of group B, 9-6 % of group C, 6 % of W135 and 1-6 % of other groups. Non-groupable strains were rare. Disease was most common in the first years of life but there was a difference in the age distribution of disease due to the different serogroups, the proportion of disease due to group B being smaller in adults than that due to other serogroups. The overall mortality in meningitis was 7-5 % and in septicaemia was 20-6 %, although there were differences between the rates for the various serogroups. The serogroup distribution differed in disease as opposed to meningococci isolated from carriers although group B strains were predominant in both series. Overall, approximately 15 % of strains were resistant to sulphadiazine, the proportion of resistant group A strains being higher than that of other serogroups.

No abstract

PROBLEM Probation officers serve two masters: the court and the probationer, or society and the individual. Thus, their role is a curious compound of police officer and counselor-psychotherapist. As case loads permit, probation officers are increasingly concerned with applying their sensitivity in counseling situations. In order to help them do this effectively, other professional persons are often called upon. This study reports the routine utilization of clinical psychological services for diagnosis and treatment planning by a Juvenile Probation Department. METHODDuring a two and one-half year period, selected juveniles were referred for psychological testing. Selection was made on the basis of repeated delinquency, failure to "reach" the adolescent in counseling, or simply lack of sufficient personality data to make appropriate plans. In all cases, referral was dictated by insuficient knowledge in the face of necessity for some concrete action or decision. Each case was discussed prior to testing; the kinds of information wanted by the probation officer were elicited. Subjects were individually administered a battery of projective tests, a short-form Wechsler-Bellevue, and a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Specific behavioral predictions and possibIe counseling techniques were incorporated into a formal report. Psychological terminology and diagnostic statements were minimized. There were 24 male and 17 female subjects from 12 to 18 years of age. There were no differences in mean ages or intelligence. Males were followed over a slightly longer time interval and for a greater number of sessions; i.e., 15.1 months and 15.4 sessions as contrasted with 13.1 months and 12.9 sessions. The juveniles were classified diagnostically as follows : Without psychopathology 17; Adolescent Psychopath 7; Schizophrenia 6; Psychoneurosis 5 ; Neurotic Character 2; Undetermined 4.Approximately one year after testing each of the three assistant probation officers was given a follow-up card with the date of testing for each juvenile and directions for listing the major concrete tangible events which had occurred during the interval. Independently, the psychologist prepared a card for each juvenile from the psychological report indicating psychodiagnosis, specific treatment recommendations, psychodynamics (if known) , and a statement of prognosis. Prognosis was indicated as "favorable", "guarded", and "unfavorable1', and sometimes qualified ; e.g., favorable with psychotherapy ; unfavorable without treatment.From the completed cards, Ss were given code numbers and placed in random order on a rating sheet. This sheet contained, on a separate line for each S, pretest delinquency data, post-test delinquency data, and a space for ratings. The Chief Probation Officer was given a rating sheet with directions to compare each set of pre-and post-test behavior for "improvement", "no change", or "decrement".The Chief Probation Officer, however, was in a position to know intimately the behavior of these juveniles. The adequacy of p...

No abstract