Introduction: Caesarean section has avoidable morbidity which may lead to mortality especially in developing world. Caesarean section is a major operation which should be performed with maximum care and safety. Objectives: This study aimed to find incidence, indications, procedures and maternal outcome of re-laparotomy after caesarean delivery. Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional prospective total coverage hospital based study conducted at Omdurman Maternity Hospital from June 2014 to January 2015. Results: The incidence for re-laparotomy after Caesarean section is (0.66%) and the main indication for re-laparotomy is hemorrhagic events. Relaparotomy outcome reported 22 cases (64.7%) alive and well and 6 cases (17.6%) alive with morbidity (renal failure and massive blood transfusion complications) and 6 cases (17.6%) of maternal mortality mainly due to sepsis. Conclusion: Re-laparotomy after Caesarean section is contributing to morbidity and maternal mortality. The majority of re-laparotomy was done after emergency Caesarean section. Lacks of skills, experience; safety measures of perfection and infection control are points to be concern.

Background: Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy is associated with spontaneous abortions, low birth weight babies, congenital deformities and intrauterine deaths. In many developed countries, pregnant mothers are screened for infection with Toxoplasma gondii, the causative parasite, and treatment is offered early in order to prevent these complications. In most developing countries, including Khartoum, the burden and risk factors of T. gondii infection among pregnant women, thus making it difficult to plan and implement control measures.Study Objectives: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of T. gondii infections and their risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Kigali, Rwanda.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving 384 pregnant women aged 18 years and above who were attending antenatal Omdurman friend ship hospital, between April 2015-May 2017.Venous blood samples were collected from study participants and screened for IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii using the ELISA technique. The participants were also interviewed about selected behaviors that predispose individuals to infections with T. gondii.Results: Out of the 300 surveyed pregnant women, 65(21.7%) serum samples were found to have IgG while IgM was showed only 3(1%) IgM. Surveyed populations were divided into four age groups: (up to 20 years), (21-30), (31-40 years) and (more than 40 years). The positive cases within each age group showed IgM in one (0.3%), one (0.3%), one (0.3%) and 0(0%) respectively. On the other hand IgG was detected in 9(3%), 36(12%), 19(6.3%) and one (0.3%) respectively. Exposure to cats has been considered a major risk factor for acquisition of infection [1]. In the present study, it appears that cats have no direct role in transmission of the disease and there is no stastistically association between cat contact and infection (P= 0.88 and 0.1 with IgM and IgG respectively).Also meat consumption has no role in disease transmission as no statistically association women with previous history of miscarriage in the study group showed T. gondii sero-prevalence rate of 42 and 3 using ELISA IgG and IgM respectively compared to 23 and 0 among others with no past history of miscarriage with no significant difference between them (P =0.76 and 0.18) respectively. Conclusion:The seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies is relatively low among the pregnant women. Undercooked meat consumption and cat contact are not significantly associated with sero-prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM among the pregnant women.