No abstract

The literature on identification of long-chain fatty acids, esters, and alcohols is relatively sparse. In addition, numerous difficulties arise in attempting to utilize chemical derivatives for identification purposes. Urea complexes have been prepared in high yield from 42 long-chain compounds, consisting of fatty acids, methyl and vinyl esters, alcohols, a mono-and diglyceride, and a vinyl ether. These include several cis-trans pairs (oleic-elaidic acids, methyl oleate-elaidate, oleyl-elaidyl alcohols) and some long-chain compounds with oxygen-containing functional groups (oxirane, hydroxyl, keto) in the chain. With a few exceptions, the dissociation temperature of each of these complexes has been determined. A t this temperature, the complex dissociates and the transparent hexagonal crystals are converted to an opaque mass of microcrystals. The dissociation temperature, which is the temperature at which HE usual schemes for the positive identification of organic T compounds include the preparation of suitable solid chemical derivatives (3, 7 , If, 20). The literature on identification of the long-chain fatty acids, esters, and alcohols reveals numerous difficulties in attempting to utilize derivatives for this purpose. For example, although many derivatives of long-chain fatty acids have been reported, the melting points of epecific derivatives (amide, pbromoanilide, p-phenylphenacyl ester, etc.) of many members of this homologous series are usually too close together to permit positive identification. Derivatives of long-chain alcohols suffer from the same drawback and, in addition, the literature on them is relatively sparse. Esters are usually characterized by hydiolysis, followed by separation-frequently tedious-and identification of the acid and alcohol portions, or they may be converted directly to certain derivatives (hydroxamic acids, amides, etc.) which permit identification of the acid moiety. In either case, the ester is destroyed and, of course, nonrecoverable.

AND SUMMARYThe process for the sulfation of tallow isopropanolamide or of a 50:50 mixture of tallow diglycolamide and isopropanolamide with chlorosulfonic acid was studied. The major obstacle to complete and uniform sulfation was the high viscosity of the sulfation mix. This could be overcome most advantageously by cosulfation with lower molecular weight alcohols, preferably isopropanol. The most fluid reaction mix and product were prepared from the mixed amides. No chlorinated solvent is required for such cosulfations.

Sulfated alkanolamides of hydrogenated tallow fatty acids have been shown to possess excellent lime soap dispersing and detergent properties. However the high melting points of the alkanolamides and their relative insolubility in organic solvents such as dichloroethane make sulfation on an industrial scale awk ward. This difficulty has been overcome by the use of a eutectic mixture of the N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)amide and N‐(2‐[2‐hydroxyethoxy]ethyl)amide of unhydrogenated tallow fatty acids. The sulfation of such a mixture can be carried out at or slightly above room temperature, and only a small amount of a chlorinated solvent is required in order to keep the sulfation mixture fluid. The resulting sulfated mixed alkanolamide is an excellent lime soap dispersing agent, which is formulated readily with tallow soap and a glassy silicate into an effective heavy duty detergent.

Blends of soap with small amounts of lime soap dispersing agents are efficient detergents in hard water and require little or no tripolyphosphate builder. Lime soap dispersing agents examined include sulfated ethoxylated fatty alcohols, sulfated N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) fatty amides, methyl esters of α‐sulfo fatty acids, 2‐sulfoethyl fatty acid esters and N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) fatty amides as well as nonionics derived from tallow alcohols. Detergency evaluations were carried out with three commercial soiled cotton cloths as well as by a laboratory multi‐wash technique. Formulations containing 80% soap, 10% lime soap dispersing agent and 10% builder gave optimum detergency values. Builder effectiveness was rated tripolyphosphate>silicate (1:1.6)> metasilicate = citrate = oxydiacetate = nitrilotriacetate>carbonate≫sulfate. The detergency of soap‐lime soap dispersed combinations compared favorably with a standard brand household heavy duty granular detergent in 50, 150 and 300 ppm hardness water on three soiled cloths.