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Variation in size 6-8 sq./rect. Evident on plan io x io; is x 9 Comments Dismantled Only one able to be measured accurately Associated with the stone gate Possibly not a gate-post Withdrawn 'about. . .' Post removed Some posts removed, some left in situ Possibly not a gate-post Two published sizes for same post" "about. . .' 'nearly a foot scantling. . .'." Dismantled 'approximately. . .' 3 co X 55 CO o Z 'or so. .. '. Posts removed 'roughly trimmed. . .'. Little more than the bark had been removed. Stumps left in situ Crawford Elslack Fendoch 3 15 3 12 10-12 dia. 1 2 9 I I x 13 'almost. . .'. The smaller post was structurally secondary Stumps survived Posts withdrawn 12 Considerable on plan" 9-i8 dia. No dimensions quoted. Posts left as lopped tree-trunks Only one sectioned Some posts removed, some not

The Roman military presence at Dalswinton is reassessed using a range of remote sensing techniques (geophysical survey, LiDAR and aerial photography). At Bankfoot the absence of internal buildings suggests the postulated vexillation fortress was a more temporary structure; while numerous pits/ovens were identified across the interior of the large Stracathro-type camp. The primary fort at Bankhead was provided with in-turned entrances and two small annexes attached to the north-west and south-east quadrants of the fort. A third much larger annexe extended southwards down to the river. Only pits and furnaces were recorded within the annexes, two of which were expanded in Phase 2. Various buildings, including legionary and auxiliary barracks, were identified in the expanded fort of Phase 2, whose orientation remained unchanged. A mixed garrison of legionaries and auxiliary cavalry is indicated for both periods of occupation. Finally, the fort was deliberately demolished. The Roman attribution of the three nearby enclosures at Butterhole Brae can no longer be supported.

138 All calibrations are derived from the Radiocarbon calibration and statistical analysis programme produced by the Research Laboratory for Archaeology, Oxford, based upon M. Stuiver and P. Reimer, Radiocarbon 28 (1986), 1028-30. 139 It is interesting to note that, when quoting the crucial dating evidence, Dumayne (1994, 220) chooses not to use the mid-point at the 68 per cent level of confidence which she uses elsewhere when quoting other dates from the same core (Dumayne and Barber 1994, 167 and 169). The equivalent date for the onset of major clearance would be A.D. 185. Where she obtains the figure of A.D. 130 is not clear, but it is not the mid-point of any of the calibrated ranges of figures which can be derived from the original date (contra Dumayne 1994, 220). 140 Most of the forts on the turf wall sector of Hadrian's Wall were of timber construction. The extent to which internal buildings in other forts on the Wall may have been partly built of timber is disputed (see W.S. Hanson, 'Building the forts and frontiers', in D.J. Breeze (ed.), The Frontiers of the Roman Empire (forthcoming)) but the assertions that stone footings were provided for timber superstructures (e.g. D.J. Breeze and B. Dobson, Hadrians' Wall (1987), 46-7) are largely unsubstantiated. 141 The calculations were actually produced by this author (Britannia ix (1978), 297-8), though credited by Dumayne to a secondary source.