Values are presented for body constants based on a study of nine male white cadavers of normal appearance and average build. The limb data are supplemented by a further analysis of 11 upper and 41 lower limbs. Techniques used in the study form standard procedures that can be duplicated by subsequent workers. Each cadaver was measured, weighed, and somatotyped. Joints were placed in the midposition of the movement range and the body was frozen rigid. Joint angles were bisected in a systematic dismemberment procedure to produce unit segments. These segment lengths were weighed, measured for linear link dimensions, and analysed for segment volumes. The segment centers of mass were located relative to link end points as well as in relation to anatomical landmarks. Finally, each segment was dissected into its component parts and these were weighed. The specific gravity of each body part was calculated separately. Data are expressed in mean values together with standard deviations and, where available, are correlated and evaluated with other values in the literature.

This paper is an exploration of the space-geometry of hand motions as they relate to young men in the seated posture. It is primarily a presentation in functional anthropometry, but the information derived should have practical use in improving the design of work areas. The pilot of an airplane, the driver of an automobile, the assembly worker or the machine operator all perform critical tasks with their hands. Controls and switches or objects upon which work is to be done must not merely be within reach, they should also be placed in the best possible spatial position relative to the operator. This ideal position has not yet been prescribed.A detailed job analysis of a specific manual operation should of course improve the work area materially, but this information has little transfer value to another situation. Our work is concerned with the general range of hand motion, and we have attempted to find principles applicable to all work situations involving the seated position.The approach is anthropometric-but in an entirely different sense from traditional anthropometry. Our measurements of the space within reach of the seated subject for all possible upper limb postures represent an approach to a dynamic anthropometry. The method of measurement is indirect, and it involves a certain novelty in anthropometric procedure; this shows up especially in the methods of gathering raw data, of making measurements, and of treating data.

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Measurements of the rate of penetration of fixing fluids obviously provide an empirical basis for the minimum timing of tissue fixation, and pioneer studies to this end have appeared in a European literature: Tellyesniczky ('lo, '26), Underhill 10 9