From being a smallholder-based, food-producing country covering its basic needs, Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI) have become major importers of food. The sustainability of the agricultural sector has been systematically undermined by conflict, neglect, and mismanagement, as a result of which the capacity of its farmers to feed the population declined. Even though local policymakers, the international community, and the international organisations emphasise the potential of agriculture for food production, job creation, and income generation, they also tend to consider the current food system problematic because of an alleged low productivity that they relate to the existing smallholder system. For them, such system poses a lack of competences and skills of farmers, and a subsistence production orientation. This approach culminated in a policy-making process that offered land and water for capital investments, and thus neglecting the potentials and competencies of (small-scale) farmers. The concomitant neglect of the human dimension of agriculture, namely the family farm, is essentially the continuation of an economically and ecologically high-risk approach that may lead to a further decline of the sector's ability to produce food for the local market.
Capacity development plays an essential role in improving irrigation and drainage practices in existing agricultural areas. Capacity development is a knowledge-creating process, in which the more concrete or explicit aspects such as training and institutional strengthening are linked to local or tacit knowledge and aspects of ownership. In this process, three elements, i.e. research, education and advisory services, have to be applied in an integrated manner. Research is required to link local knowledge with lessons learned elsewhere and serves to make knowledge explicit. Education is required to disseminate this explicit knowledge and, at the same time, to make the tacit knowledge of the students explicit. Advisory services are needed to assist with the application of the newly acquired knowledge, thus to complete the transformation from explicit to tacit knowledge. This approach is successful when those involved have the opportunity to go through the knowledge-creating process several times. This will lead to mutual trust between the cooperating partners and it is much enhanced when there is long-term partnership. Copyright RÉ SUMÉLe développement des capacités joue un rôle essentiel pour améliorer les pratiques d'irrigation et de drainage dans les régions agricoles. Le développement des capacités est un processus de création de connaissance dans lequel les aspects plus concrets ou explicites comme la formation et le renforcement institutionnel sont reliés aux savoirs locaux ou tacites et aux questions foncières. Dans ce processus trois éléments, la recherche, l'éducation et le conseil, doivent être utilisés d'une manière intégrée. La recherche doit relier le savoir local aux leçons apprises ailleurs et sert à rendre la connaissance explicite. L'éducation doit disséminer cette connaissance explicite et en même temps rendre explicite la connaissance tacite des étudiants. Les services de conseil sont nécessaires pour aider à l'utilisation de la connaissance nouvellement acquise et ainsi achever la transformation de la connaissance explicite en connaissance tacite. Cette approche est réussie quand ceux qui sont impliqué ont la possibilité de parcourir plusieurs fois le processus de création de connaissance. Ceci crée la confiance réciproque entre les partenaires, ce qui est largement amélioré avec un partenariat à long terme.
MEMORANDUM Reinhard, Stijn, Jan Verhagen, Wouter Wolters and Ruerd Ruben, 2017. Water-food-energy nexus; A quick scan. Wageningen, Wageningen Economic Research, Report 2017-096. 24 pp.; 5 fig.; 2 tab.; 29 ref.
To feed the growing world population, food production will have to double in the next 25 years. The majority of this increase will have to come from investments in improved irrigation and drainage practices in existing agricultural lands. Research plays an essential role in achieving these ambitious goals. This paper shows that applied research on drainage gives ''value for money''. The paper is based on applied research programmes conducted in Egypt, India and Pakistan. Research findings have helped to modernize subsurface drainage practices and considerable savings have been achieved by introducing new methods of investigation, design, planning, installation (including new materials and equipment) and operation and maintenance. Research has also helped to improve subsurface drainage operations and institutions. All these improvements could only be achieved because these countries invested in drainage research and in training all personnel involved in applying the new and innovative practices. RÉ SUMÉPour alimenter une population mondiale sans cesse croissante, la production de nourriture doit être doublée dans les 25 prochaines années. La majorité de cette augmentation devra venir d'investissements en irrigation et drainage améliorés dans les régions agricoles existantes. La recherche joue un rôle essentiel pour atteindre ces buts ambitieux. Cet article prouve que la recherche appliquée en matière de drainage « rapporte de l'argent ». L'article est basé sur des programmes de recherche appliquée conduits en Egypte, en Inde et au Pakistan. Les résultats de ces recherches ont contribué à moderniser les pratiques de drainage par canalisations et des économies considérables ont été réalisées en introduisant de nouvelles méthodes d'investigation, de conception, de planification, d'installation (y compris nouveaux matériaux et équipements) et de gestion et de maintenance. La recherche a également aidé à améliorer les opérations et les organisations de drainage souterrain. Toutes ces améliorations n'ont pu être réalisées que parce que ces pays ont investi dans la recherche sur le drainage et dans la formation de tout le personnel impliqué à appliquer les pratiques nouvelles et innovantes. Les résultats montrent que les avantages de la recherche appliquée sont largement supérieurs aux coûts.
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