Aim:The present work aimed to develop lateral flow immunochromatographic strip (ICS) test for detection of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) specific antibodies in chicken sera.Materials and Methods:A rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic test (LFIT) has been developed, in which SE Group D antigen labeled with the gold chloride molecules laid on the conjugate pad. Staphylococcus aureus protein A was used as capture antibody at the test line (T) of a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane and anti-SE antigen-specific rabbit antibodies were used as capture antibody at the control line (C) of the NC strip in the lateral flow layout device.Results:Using the developed LFIT, the minimal amount of SE-specific antibodies that can be detected in chicken serum sample was 1427 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) unit/100 µl that was equal to 0.1 µg (Ab)/100 µl sample. 100 suspected serum samples collected from a poultry flock were tested with the prepared SE-LFIT kits and the locally prepared stained Salmonella antigen, and the results were compared with those obtained from examination of these samples with Salmonella Group D antibody ELISA kit as the gold standard test. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the prepared SE-LFIT antigen kits were 94.4%, 90%, and 94%, respectively, while those obtained with stained Salmonella antigen were 88.8%, 90%, and 89%, respectively.Conclusion:The developed test is a simple field rapid test of high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy that can improve and facilitates rapid field surveillance of salmonellosis among chickens.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is responsible for Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) disease in small ruminants (goats and sheep). The disease is difficult to control because antibiotic therapy is not effective. The disease is characterized by caseous abscess formation in the internal and external lymph nodes. Diagnosis is currently achieved only by routine bacteriological culture of pus obtained from external abscess. The lateral flow immunochromatographic test (LFIT) was prepared and evaluated for discover the present of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in pus samples obtained from abscess in superficial lymph nodes. The minimal count of bacterial that gave positive LFIT was 10 2 CFU/ 0.1ml. About 100 pus samples from external lymph nodes were examined by the LFIT and the results were compared with conventional microbiological method. The obtained results demonstrate that the specificity was calculated and found to be 88.24%, while sensitivity was 90.36% and finally the accuracy was 90% of LFIT as compared to conventional microbiological method. These findings indicate that the developed LFIT test is a fast, simple and inexpensive field test of good specificity, sensitivity and accuracy that can be used to enhance Caseous Lymphadenitis control among sheep and goats.

A combined vaccine of Equine influenza (EI), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), rabies virus and tetanus toxoid adjuvanted with saponin and Alhydrogel was prepared. Quality control testing of such vaccine revealed that it was free from foreign contaminants, safe for Guinea-pigs, mice and mares. It was inoculated into Guinea -pigs as a preliminary evaluation for its potency and it was proven safe and potent. Also, it exceeded the permissible protective level allowed to be used for the vaccination of horses. Two groups of mares were used for evaluating the potency of the vaccine. The first one received two doses (5 ml) of the prepared vaccine with 4 weeks interval while the 2 nd group was kept without vaccination as control. The mean haemagglutination inhibition (HI) influenza antibody titer reached its maximum at the 2 nd month post-vaccination (MPV); 2048 while EHV-1 antibodies reached the peak at the 3 rd MPV as recorded by ELISA and neutralizing indices; 1790 and 3.50. Rabies antibodies were detectable in vaccinated mares by the 2 nd week post-vaccination showing titers of 16 and 1.0 by serum neutralization test (SNT) and ELISA, respectively recording their peaks (128 by SNT and 2.15 by ELISA) at the 2 nd MPV. Tetanus antitoxic titer increased till reaching the peak at the 2 nd MPV (40IU/ml) as determined by toxin neutralization test. Depending on these results, it could be concluded that the prepared inactivated EI, EHV-1, rabies and tetanus vaccine is safe and potent for mares providing them with good protective levels of specific antibodies against the 4 used antigens up to 6 months.

Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens type A and colibacillosis caused byAvian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), are two pathogenic diseases that threaten the poultry industry worldwide. A combined inactivated vaccine from Clostridium perfringens type A toxoid and serotypes O 1 and O 78 of E-coli adjvunated with montanide gel was prepared and evaluated in two weeks old SPF white Lohman layer chickens and its progeny. The prepared vaccine was found safe and produced antitoxic titre against NE of 10 IU after 22 week of vaccination as measured by serum neutralization test and 2692 ELISA titre. Also it produced a humeral antibody titre against E.coli serotypes used of 80 at the 22 th week post vaccination by microagglutination test (MAT) and an 80% protection in challenge against virulent E.coli serotypes used. Conclusion: vaccination of chicken with two doses, 3 weeks apart, of combined vaccine of Clostridium perfringens type A toxoid and serotypes O 1 and O 78 of E-coli adjvunated with montanide gel, could protect against necrotic enteritis and colibacillosis.

Introduction Rabies provokes acute and fatal encephalitis in all worm blooded mammal hosts; it is caused by a neurotropic, RNA virus belonging to the order Mononegavirales, family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssa-virus (Fauquet et al., 2005). Rabies infection usually occurs through infected saliva reaching a bite wound or skin scratches and breached mucous membranes. The severity, location, multiplicity of bites inflicted on the victim, biotype of the virus and the susceptibility of the recipient influence the outcome of potential exposure to infection. Bites on head and neck are associated with the shortest incubation period (Green and Rupprecht, 2006) The disease represents a serious public health problem in developing countries, where approximately 35000 to 50000 human deaths occur due to rabies each year (WHO, 1996). Control of diseases causing significant mortality has made outstanding progress and immunization of one individual is to prevent diseases (Mohanty et al, 2007). Post exposure vaccination against rabies along with anti-rabies immunoglobulin prevents the development of the disease. In this respect Al-Behwar (2009) concluded that the best immunization of farm animals post exposure to rabies infection could be achieved by administration of rabies vaccine and anti-rabies serum on the suitable time (1-3 days post exposure). There is a great attention directed toward animal protection against fatal diseases as rabies infection. In this aspect many studies were carried out including prophylactic vaccination with potent vaccine and post exposure intervention using specific antiserum and immunoglobulin (Khodeir and Daoud, 2008). Freeze-drying is a process used to improve the stability of pharmaceutical proteins, including snake anti-venoms. This additional step confers these with a higher stability in comparison to liquid formulations, especially in tropical regions where high temperatures could affect the activity of immunoglobulin. Freeze-drying confers stability to proteins, particularly at high temperatures. However, during this procedure antibodies can experience physical and chemical modifications, which may cause irreversible changes and have a negative