These findings indicate that ACE and MTHFR genetic polymorphisms might be considered as genetic risk factors for diabetic nephropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes.

The MTHFR 677 TT genotype was associated with T2DM susceptibility and complications (DR, DPN and IHD). The MTHFR 1298 CC, AC and ACE DD genotypes were associated with DR and DPN.

Polymorphisms of genes responsible for biosynthesis and metabolism of estrogen including CYP and COMT groups might play a role in breast cancer. This study aims to investigate the association of CYP17 MspA1I, CYP1A1 MspI, CYP1B1 G>C, and COMT G>A polymorphisms with breast cancer in Egyptian women. Participants were in the form of 152 Egyptian women with cancer breast in addition to 100 healthy controls. They were subjected to DNA analysis using PCR-RFLP technique to characterize genetic polymorphisms of CYP17 MspA1I, CYP1A1 MspI, CYP1B1 G>C, and COMT G>A. Interestingly all these polymorphisms showed a positive association with cancer breast but in a variable degrees. Highest association was found with CYP1B1 C allele (p = 0.000, OR=10.26, 95% CI = 5.98 -17.8) followed by COMT A allele (p = 0.000, OR=6.66, 95% CI= 4.09 -10.9) then Cyp1A1 MspI C allele (p = 0.000, OR=4.46, 95% CI=2.68 -7.47) and lastly the CYP17 MspA1 C allele (p = 0.058, OR=1.46, 95% CI =1.0 -2.1). Regarding clinical presentation, COMT A allele carriage was significantly higher among cases with positive lymph nodes (p=0.02) and in pre-menopausal cases (p= 0.020) while CYP 17 MspA1I C allele carriage was significantly higher among cases with negative breast feeding (P= 0.043). We can come to a conclusion that rare alleles of estrogen biosynthesis and metabolizing genes particularly CYP1B1 G>C, and COMT G>A followed by CYP1A1 MspI, and CYP17 MspA1I are associated with breast cancer among Egyptian women.